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General Pathology, VPTH 342 > Lecture 15: Inflammation, Exudates > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Inflammation, Exudates Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 mediators are responsible for vasodilation during signs of inflammation

A
  1. Vasoactive amines,
  2. NO- nitric oxide
  3. PG- prostaglandin
  4. PAF- platelet activating factor
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2
Q

what 7 mediators are responsible for increased vascular permeability during signs of inflammation

A
  1. Vasoactive amines
  2. bradykinin
  3. LT
  4. PAF
  5. Substance P
  6. C5a
  7. C3a
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3
Q

what 6 mediators are responsible for chemotaxis during signs of inflammation

A
  1. LTB4
  2. LPS
  3. chemokines
  4. IL-1
  5. IL-4
  6. IL-8
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4
Q

what 2 mediators are responsible for pain during signs of inflammation

A
  1. PG- prostaglandin
  2. Bradykinin
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5
Q

what 3 mediators are responsible for tissue damage during signs of inflammation

A
  1. Lysosomal enzymes,
  2. NO- nitric oxide
  3. ROS- reactive oxygen species
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6
Q

what 4 mediators are responsible for fever during signs of inflammation

A
  1. IL-1
  2. IL-6
  3. TNF- tumor necrosis factor
  4. PG- prostaglandin
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7
Q

What are the 8 types of acute inflammation exudates

A
  1. Serous
  2. Fibrinous
  3. Fibrinonecrotic
  4. Mucoid or Catarrhal
  5. Purulent or Suppurative
  6. Eosinophilic
  7. Hemorrhagic
  8. Necrotizing
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8
Q

What are the 5 types of chronic inflammation exudates

A
  1. Lymphocytic / Plasmacytic
  2. Granulomatous
  3. Pyogranulomatous
  4. Fibrosing
  5. Proliferative
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9
Q
  1. Serous exudates occur when?
  2. What type of edema is this called
  3. Will this happen in an acute or chronic change
A
  1. Increased vascular permeability
    • protein and fluid leakage into a body cavity or joint
  2. Called “inflammatory edema”
  3. Acute early change
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10
Q

Would serous exudate be clear or cloudy

A

mostly clear with some cloudyness

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11
Q

What type of exudate is this

  1. What is 1 pointing out
  2. 2?
A
  • serous exudate
  1. cloudiness fluid but still can see through
  2. material on serosal surfaces of abdominal organs
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12
Q

What type of exudate

A
  • serous
    • Can see through but not extensively
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13
Q

What is the next step after serous exudate (a type of exudate)

A

fibrinous exudate

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14
Q

What is the purpose for fibrinous exudates

A
  1. Early framework can help in phagocytosis
  2. Decreased microbial spread via lymphatic
  3. Scaffold for granulation tissue
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15
Q

explain how fibrinous exudate forms

A
  1. Endothelial injury
  2. fibrinogen exits capillary
  3. fibrin is formed and polymerizes into a fibrin polymer
  4. the fibrin polymers are what you can visualize as fibrinous exudate
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16
Q
  1. is fibrin acute or chronic
  2. seeing fibrinous exudate what does this imply
A
  1. Fibrin is usually acute but can be an ongoing problem (thus chronic)
  2. Implies a continual need for an inflammatory response, at that site
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17
Q

would you see a lot of cellular infiltrate in a fibrinous exudate

A

not much

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18
Q
  1. give a morphologic diagnosis
  2. What are arrows pointing to?
A
  1. serofibrinous peritonitis, acute diffuse
  2. this is mostly serous but arrows are pointing to fibrin (stringy material)
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19
Q
  1. What organ?
  2. what type of exudate
  3. if you touch it what will happen to exudate?
A
  1. Liver
  2. fibrinous exudate
  3. If you were to pick up the edge of the material, it would break apart easily
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20
Q

give a MDx

A
  • Fibrous pleuritis, acute, locally extensive to diffuse
    • White, friable, shaggy, chalky
    • If you could touch it, it would peel off easily
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21
Q

Give a MDx

A
  • Fibrinous peritonitis, acute, locally extensive to diffuse
    • Very thin, web-like
    • This is what a primary fibrinous exudate looks like.
    • Sticky, messy, and really delicate
22
Q
  1. What would 2 other names for fibrinonecrotic exudates be?
  2. Where would you usally see these exudates?
A
  1. Pseudomembranous, or Diphtheritic
  2. mucosal surfaces
23
Q
  1. What is usally required for Fibrinonecrotic, Pseudomembranous, or Diphtheritic membrane to occur
  2. If you were to peel this exudate off what would you usally see under it?
A
  1. an ulceration, dead cell debris, inflammatory cells and +/- hemorrhage and fibrin
  2. ulceration of the underlying mucosa
24
Q
  1. What is another name for mucous exudate?
  2. Where would you usally see it?
  3. Will it be acute or chronic?
A
  1. catarrhal, old term and not used as much
  2. only on mucus membranes
    • respiratry tract
    • GI tract
    • Reproductive/ urinary tract
  3. Can be acute or chronic
25
Q

This is from the GI tract

  1. What is see at 1?
  2. 2?
  3. 3?
  4. What type of exudate is this?
A
  1. Hyperemia
  2. mucoid exudate
  3. Tapeworm (cestode)
  4. Mucous exudate
26
Q
  1. What kind of exudate is this?
  2. What can it interfere with?
A
  1. mucous exudate / catarrhal
  2. interfere with absorption and other GI functions
27
Q

Give a MDx

A

treachea: Mucopurulent or catarrhal, tracheitis diffuse acute

28
Q

What type of exudate

A
  • mucous exudate
    • Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease
    • Another example of mucous or mucoid exudate overlaying the probably ulcerated mucosal surface
29
Q
  1. What is another name for purulent exudate?
  2. What cell type would you mainly see?
  3. Is this acute or chronic?
  4. What kind of agents usally cause this
A
  1. Purulent (suppurative)
  2. Mostly neutrophils
  3. Acute mostly but can be chronic if there is a persistent agent
  4. Usually bacterial or fungal agents
30
Q

Where would purulent (suppurative) exudate usally occur in?

A
  • Focal abscess, or
  • Pus-filled
    • organ (pyometra)
    • structure (bronchiectasis)
    • cavity (pyothorax, hypopyon)
31
Q
  1. What is hypopyon?
  2. pyuria?
A
  1. Hypopyon is inflammatory cells (pus) in the anterior chamber of eye.
  2. pyuria- pus filled urine
32
Q
  1. What organ is this
  2. exudate?
  3. what would you see in this exudate?
A
  1. lung
  2. purulent (suppurative)
  3. see mostly neutrophils
33
Q
  1. What type of exudate would this be?
  2. What are you mostly seeing in the histological slides?
A
  1. Suppurative, bronchopneumonia
  2. neutrophils in alveolar spaces
34
Q

What type of distribution is common for bronchopneumonia in 4 legged animals?

A

Cranial ventral distribution

35
Q

Name what is happening in this image

A
  • Interpretation: Acute purulent arthritis or synovitis

Note the yellow/green cloudy fluid, this would be purulent exudate

36
Q
  1. What kind of exudate
  2. What would you call what you see in this image (name organ and process)
A
  1. Purulent (suppurative) exudate
  2. Meningitis

Note: Remember that exudates are a fluid, and fluids are always going to go ventral, as they are gravity dependent

So when you see meningitis in an animal that has been sternal, most of that exudate will be in the lower half of the brain and in the meninges

37
Q
  1. Give a MDx
  2. what is the circle highlighting? (hard to tell i think)
A
  1. Brain : meningitis, suppurative, focal, acute
  2. pituitary abscess
38
Q

this is a pig’s skull, i think, cut in half

  • Name what has happened here
A

Chronic purulent sinusitis

39
Q
  1. Because this is a sinus and cannot drain, what will happen to the pus that is seen here?
  2. What type of necrosis?
A
  1. Inspissated pus (has dried out)
  2. caseous necrosis
40
Q

If connective tissue or fascial planes is inflammed with purulent exudate what would you call it?

A

Cellulitis

41
Q
  1. Give a MDx
  2. This is an example of?
A
  1. Purulent periesophagitis, acute, focal or locally extensive
  2. example of Cellulitis

Note:

  • Horses with an esophageal rupture
  • Bad enough that the esophagus has ruptured (bad surgical sites, don’t heal well), but once you have food exiting the lumen of the esophagus and into the soft tissue surrounding it, now you have a developing cellulitis as well
  • Which will put further pressure on the esophagus
43
Q

What is this an example of?

A
  • Fibrinosuppurative pericarditis, epicarditis and pleuritis
    • More neutrophils here than in other examples
    • There is an increase in thickness, not as weblite as just fibrin
44
Q

Name what has happened here

A
  • Fibrinosuppurative peritonitis
    • Rupture of GI tract, walled off by fibrin
    • Cattle are really good at making fibrin
45
Q

Give a MDx

A
  • Carpal joint: suppurative synovitis and osteomyelitis, diffuse, subacute, severe
    • Carpal joint from a foal
    • Articular cartilage should look like: white, smooth, shiny
    • Discoloration of the bone as well
    • Likely an area of osteomyelitis extending across the physis
46
Q

What would this be called

A
  • Fibrinosuppurative peritonitis
    • secondary to GI rupture
    • see Presence of feed material, attached to a surface by fibrin
47
Q

Is it common to purely see hemorrhagic exudates?

A
  • Not common to have a pure hemorrhagic exudate
    • Blood is a major component of exudate
    • Often mixed with other exudates
48
Q

What does necrotizing exudates imply?

A
  • Implies cell loss AND inflammation
    • Often mixed with other exudates
49
Q
  1. Name what necrotizing and hemorrhagic exudates in a liver would be called
  2. necrotizing and purulent in the lungs
A
  1. Necrohemorrhagic hepatitis, multifocal, acute
  2. Necropurulent bronchopneumonia, hilar region, acute
50
Q
  1. Give a MDx
  2. What happens if that material breaks off?
  3. what can this be a result of? (this is a calf)
A
  1. Fibrinonecrotic laryngitis, locally extensive, subacute, severe
  2. This flaky yellow material can break off, can travel into the lungs and cause a pneumonia
  3. Result of a bacterial infection in a compromised area of mucosa that’s been damaged by trauma or excessive vocalization.
51
Q

Give an MDx

A

Fibrinsoupperative perititis, diffuse, acute

General Pathology, VPTH 342 (24 decks)

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