Lecture 11: Hemostasis, thrombosis Flashcards
What are the primary and secondary stages of Hemostasis?
Primary: Initial vascular and platelet response to injury
Secondary: Formation of fibrin
In Primary Hemostasis, what happens in vasoconstriction?
This question is as straightforward as it sounds.
In vasocontriction, the vascular space becomes more narrow.
In Primary Hemostasis, what happens in the formation of a platelet plug?
Platelet plugs aggregate to form a platelet plug.
Platelets, migrate to the area. Adhered to exposed area and to each other.
There’s a weak link in between platelets
Through which two pathways is the formation and deposition of fibrin achieved?
Achieved through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation, and in some cases, both.
What is hemostasis?
Hemostasis is the arrest of bleeding from a defect in a blood vessel.
What are the regulators or hemostasis?
- The vessel wall
- Platelets
- Coagulation
How does the vessel wall regulate hemostasis?
Endothelial cells are a major component; they are on the site, can reach immediately, in a local space or can be made to react systemically by systemic mediators
How do platelets regulate hemostasis?
Thrombocytes, like the bricks and mortar. They are living structures; they are reactive structures, they are fragments of megakaryocytes.
Bone marrow assessment? One of the things we’re looking for are the # of megakaryocytes. Huge cells, multiple nuclei. Generation of platelets from megakaryocytes is essentially just fragmentation
Decreased number of platelets in peripheral blood is called thrombocytopenia. Variety of syndromes in which an animal is thrombocytopenic and that animal is at risk for bleeding out if platelets are too low.
How does coagulation regulate hemostasis?
Whole purpose is to generate fibrin
Fibrin is what holds the platelets together, holds them in a strong fashion to the vascular wall.
During hemostasis, there are both _____________ and ______________ events happening to maintain the complex homeostatic mechanism.
During hemostasis, there are both thrombus and antithrombotic events happening to maintain the complex homeostatic mechanism.
Hemostasis is a complex thing, as a thrombus or platelet plug is being formed, simultaneously other factors are being released to help break it down.
This is a diagram of what an area of platelet formation and fibrin deposition might look like. Walk me through it.
Endothelial cells are missing, due to some trauma
Platelets have been laid down
Fibrin is represented by the blue squiggles
This fibrin will also entrap anything that comes by. RBC, neutrophils, whatever. For some time, this will project out into the vascular lumen. If it stays there for too long, it can cause a problem. That’s why we want to have fibrinolysis also working to reduce that risk
What does the complex homeostatic mechanism of hemostasis allow for?
It allows clotting when necessary, and to keep blood flowing.
There are many factors work to keep blood flowing, there’s also factors to break down the clots as soon as they are no longer necessary.
We don’t want to bleed out, but we also don’t want to die of a thrombotic event just because we’re a klutz
What 4 basic events follow a vessel injury?
- Vessel contriction
- Platelet activation and aggregation
- Coagulation cascase forms fibrin
- Fibrinolysis
What is the main purpose of laying down fibrin, during the coagulation cascase in hemostasis?
The fibrin serves to lay down a meshwork, which stabilizes the primary platelet plug.
Why is fibrinolysis an important final step in hemostasis?
The long the clot stays, the more potential it has to generate a systemic clotting situation, which isn’t a good thing.
Fibrinolysis is the final step, to break down fibrin
Can measure it as FDP’s, or fibrin degradation products. Normally have some basal levels of these, at anytime.
Become critical when we have an animal that is throwing clots, or an animal that is in DIC. Will measure the level of FDP to determine what’s going on.
What are we looking at here?
The clotting cascade!
Goal: to make fibrin
Intrinsic component and Extrinsic component
Either one can then activate the common pathway
Where does the intrinsic pathway occur?
In the vascular lumen
What initiates the extrinsic pathway?
Initiated by loss on endothelial cells; that exposure of the subendothelial substrate will initiate the extrinsic pathway
What does thrombin have a role in?
- Platelet aggregation
- Fibrin
- Neutrophil adhesion
- Monocyte activation
- Lymphocyte activation
- Endothelium activation
Thrombin is a component in what part of the clotting cascade?
Thrombin is a component in the intrinsic and the common pathway. The more thrombin that’s generated, the more upstream components are activated.
In fibrinolysis, how is a clot broken down?
Plasminogen is activated (via numerous activators, including histamine and ATIII) to plasmin. Plasmin is one of the main players in the breakdown of fibrin, which leads to fibrin degradation products, or FDP’s.
Is plasminogen active in the bloodstream?
No, it has to be activated by numerous activators, including histamine and ATIII, to become plasmin.
Plasmin then gets all up in Fibrin’s bidness, breaks it down, and generates FDP’s.
Do endothelial cells help with the formation of fibrin clots, help in their break down, or both?
Both.
It’s in an endothelial cell’s best interest to keep blood moving across them.
What is a hemorrhage?
The escape of blood from the blood vascular system
Hemorrhage can be caused by rupture. What are the potential causes of this rupture?
- Trauma
- Vessel wall necrosis
- Vessel wall invasion by a neoplasm
- Primary vascular disease
When would vessel wall necrosis happen?
An animal that’s had some sort of an ischemic event
Muscles, skin, liver lobules, vessels in the area could all be affected
What’s an example of a primary vascular disease? The example Dr. F-W gave was for humans.
Humans: atherosclerosis
Parrots are also often afflicted by this, as well as certain strains of mice, rats, pigeons