Lecture 13: Acute Inflammation 1 Flashcards
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- Abdominal aorta
- Cranial mesenteric artery
- arteroles sprouting around the blocked artery
- Thrombus
What has happened here?
- Strongiles have blocked the cranial mesenteric artery, damaging endothelium and causing a thrombus
- Dilated space in the arterial lumen
- Cavitated regions within the vessel, if you were to pull away the thrombus
- There’s new arterioles, or neovascularization that’s occurred along the mesenteric artery because the body is trying to establish collateral vascularization
A 13 year old quarter horse mare died after a bout of extreme colic. A necropsy was performed and among other changes was the lesion shown in the slide. The slide depicts the opened abdominal aorta and its branches at the cranial mesenteric artery. Using terminology you have just learned answer, the following questions
- The substance in the lumen of the cranial mesenteric artery is composed predominantly of fibrin. What do you term the process that resulted in the deposition of the fibrin?
- A piece of the above structure broke off and traveled down the smaller colic artery to a point where it lodged. What is this process termed?
- thrombosis leading to a thrombus
- thromboembolism
- Assume that the gut distal to the location of the lodged structure above received no collateral circulation. What term would be appropriate for the affected gut?
- Arterial infarct
If this is the colic artery from the previous image
- What is this
- How can you tell?
- thromboembolism
- Bands of pale material
- If a piece of the thrombus completely occluded the nearby right renal artery, what term would you use for the resulting overall lesion in the right kidney?
- What term would be appropriate for the type of damage to the individual renal tubular epithelial cells in the right kidney?
- Renal infarct
- Coagulative necrosis
- Examination of the oral mucosa revealed numerous pinpoint flat bright red areas. What term would be appropriate for these lesions?
- The animal died 18 hours before it was necropsied. Besides the true lesions, what other changes might you expect to find?
- petechiae
- Post mortem autolysis
name what you see here
- Cranial mesenteric arteritis
Thrombus has already been removed, to see the changes to the arterial endothelial surface
Blown out area, structural changes that are hard/impossible to recover from
What should the morphologic diagnosis have?
- Organ & Process (+ exudate if inflammatory)
- Distribution
- Duration
- +/- severity (we will not need to do severity in this class)
Lung: suppurative bronchopneumonia, cranioventral, acute, severe;
- What is this telling you?
- Tells us that’s there’s a neutrophillic exudate in the airways and probably spilling over into the alveolar spaces.
- It’s in the cranioventral location, which is where many inhaled forms of pneumonia will occur, because things will come in to the lungs and then fall ventrally
Liver: necrosuppurative hepatitis, multifocal, acute, severe;
- what is this telling you?
Necrotizing and neutrophillic process in the liver, happening in multiple places, suppurative response = acute
Name the inflammation term for the location
- Artery
- Bladder
- Brain
- Arteritis Artery
- Cystitis Bladder
- Encephalitis Brain
Name the inflammation term for the location
- Cecum
- connective tissue
- eye
- Typhlitis Cecum
- Cellulitis Connective tissue
- Ophthalmitis Eye
Name the inflammation term for the location
- fat
- intestine
- kidney
- Steatitis Fat
- Enteritis Intestine
- Nephritis Kidney
Name the inflammation term for the location
- ligament
- liver
- lung
- Desmitis Ligament
- Hepatitis Liver
- Pneumonia Lung
Name the inflammation term for the location
- lymph node
- muscle
- myocardium
- Lymphadenitis Lymph node
- Myositis Muscle
- Myocarditis Myocardium
Name the inflammation term for the location
- Nerve
- pancreas
- pericardium
- Neuritis Nerve
- Pancreatitis Pancreas
- Pericarditis Pericardium
Name the inflammation term for the location
- peritoneum
- pleura
- sinus
- Peritonitis Peritoneum
- Pleuritis Pleura
- Sinusitis Sinus
Name the inflammation term for the location
- skin
- spleen
- stomach
- Dermatitis Skin
- Splenitis Spleen
- Gastritis Stomach
Name the inflammation term for the location
- trachea
- uterus
- vein
- kidney
- Tracheitis Trachea
- Metritis Uterus
- Phlebitis Vein
- Nephritis Kidney
- What would PG stand for
- LT
- NO
- PG= prostaglandins
- LT= leukotrienes
- NO= nitric oxide
what does PMN stand for?
polymorphonuclear
mostly it is a neutrophil
Name the distributions
- Focal- Focus of a lesion on one area
- Multifocal- Multiple areas of lesion, with normal tissue in between
- Locally extensive- Refers a whole pole, perhaps
- Diffuse- Whole thing is involved in the lesion
- What would the suffix -itis mean
- -osis
- -opathy
Hepatitis is to liver as myositis is to:
- Sinus
- Eye
- Muscle
- Gall bladder
muscle
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- heat (rubor)
- redness (calor)
- swelling (tumor)
- pain (dolor)
- loss of function (functio laesa)
- How does redness happen in inflammation?
- heat?
- redness- active hyperemia= Dilated blood vessels, dense concentration of blood vessels in an area that you would have had otherwise
- heat- vasodilation= Increased circulation, will increase the regional temperature of the site of inflammation
- How do you get swelling in inflammation
- what can that lead to?
- increased fluid
- increased cells
- increased vascular permeability
- can lead to pain
give an example how loss of function can happen through swelling
Limb that’s too swollen to bend, or too painful to use
- What cell can release histamine?
- When histamine is released near endothelial cells what happens?
- Where would it have the most effect? arteriole, capillary or venule
- mast cells, eosinophils, basophils
- increased vascular permeability
- Endothelial cell contractions, so a wider gap at the endothelial junctions
- Also provides chemotaxis for neutrophils
- capillary
When histamine increases the gaps between endothelial cells what can leak out of a capillary?
- WBCs
- RBCs
- Fibrin
- platlets
What 3 things are found in connective tissue matrix that are important to inflammation
- elastic fibers
- collagen fibers
- proteoglycans
What 3 cells are found in connective tissue
- mast cell
- fibroblast
- macrophage
inflammation can only take place when…
- vascularized, living tissue to injury.
- area that’s fully necrotic? Will be hard for inflammation to take place because it is not vascularized
- Animal is dead? No inflammation will take place.
what are 3 purposes of inflammation
- Destroy an invader
- Dilute an invader
- Wall off an invader
What are 3 examples of inflammation and repair being harmful
- Abscesses leading to loss of function
- Chronic arthritis leading to joint degeneration and failure
- Alveolar spaces filled with fibrin and pmns leading to tissue destruction
During acute inflammation, what 3 forces or factors promote the accumulation of fluid exudate in the interstitium?
- increased hydrostatic pressure
- perhaps if this is a systemic infection, the animal’s in some level of pain, there may be increase blood pressure
- increased vascular permeability
- due to various mediators at play
- increased interstitial oncotic pressure
- Proteins are exuding from the vascular space, will increase your oncotic pressure outside of the blood vessel
if all these forces or factors are happening during inflammation what will that lead to the blood that is left in the circulatory system?
- increased viscosity (sludging) leading to possible thrombosis
- All of this means that as you’re having fluid leave a space, the fluid that is left is going to be somewhat concentrated and this is going to promote viscosity, or sludging, in that spot
- Any time you have stasis of blood, then you have the potential to form thrombi
