Lecture 15 - Chapter 18 - Diseases of the Skin and Eye Flashcards
1
Q
skin swelling over the pore leading out of a hair follicle
A
comedo
2
Q
A mass of sebum and dead cells trapping pores associated with hair follicles
A
acne
3
Q
a comedo with a closed pore
A
“Whitehead”:
4
Q
a comedo with a pore open to the surface of the skin
A
“Blackhead”:
5
Q
based on signs and symptomss
A
anatomical diagnosis
6
Q
identifying the causative agent
A
etiological diagnosis
7
Q
a lesion that has erupted on the surface
A
pustule or papule
8
Q
pustules that come to involve deeper layers of skin
A
cysts
9
Q
widespread cysts
A
cystic acne
10
Q
A superficial bacterial infection that causes the skin to flake or peel off.
A
impetigo
11
Q
what disease is caused by either staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes or a mix of these two
A
impetigo
12
Q
primary victims of impetigo
A
children
13
Q
- Causes many types of infections
- Gram-+ coccus that forms grape-like clusters
- Metabolically versatile
- Produces exfoliative toxins A & B, coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, DNase, and lipases
- With stand high salt in medium
- Can ferment mannitol
- Mannitol salt agar is differntial and selective for S. aureus growth
A
impetigo - staphylococcus aureus
14
Q
impetigo test for S. aureus
A
coagulase test
15
Q
positive coagulase test
A
plasma clots or becomes lumpy
16
Q
- causes strep throat, scarlet fever, puerperal fever, necrotizing fasciitis, bloodstream infections, and rheumatic fever
- Gram-positive coccus, beta-hemolytic
- Adhesive elements: LTA, M protein, hyaluronic acid capsule
- Produces hyaluronidase
A
impetigo - streptococcus pyogenes
17
Q
Diagnosed by visual inspection, but symptoms alone won’t distinguish S. aureus and S. pyogenes
A
impetigo
18
Q
antibiotics used to treat both types of impetigo
A
- topical mupirocin (Bactroban)
- protein synthesis inhibitor
19
Q
Caused by a fast-spreading infection in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
A
cellulitis
20
Q
- Usually follows the introduction of bacteria or fungi into the dermis through trauma or no obvious break in the skin
- lower leg
- People with immunocompromise or who have cardiac insufficiency are most at risk
- Pain tenderness, swelling and warmth.
- Fever and swelling of the lymph nodes in the area may be observed along with red lines leading away from the affected area
A
cellulitis
21
Q
Dermolytic condition caused by S. aureus.
A
staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
22
Q
- A systemic form of impetigo
- Phage-encoded exfoliative toxins are responsible for symptoms
- Develops predominately in newborns and infants, can spread when sharing a nursery with a newborn who is colonized with S. aureus.
A
SSSS
23
Q
- Caused by exfoliative toxins A and B
- Have the appearance of wrinkled tissue paper
- Lead to widespread desquamation of the skin
- Patients are left vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections
A
bullous lesions
24
Q
- caused by a reaction to antibiotics, barbiturate or other drugs
- high mortality rate
A
TEN - toxic epidermal necrolysis
25
split between the dermis and epidermis
TEN
26
split is within the epidermis
SSSS
27
Clostridium perfringens
- Gram positive
- Endospore forming
- Anaerobic
gas gangrene
28
- Endospores are found in soil, human skin, human intestine and vagina
- Anaerobic conditions are required to manufacture and release the toxins that cause disease
gas gangrene
29
Exotoxins produced by C. perfringens:
- Alpha toxin: causes red blood cell rupture, edema, tissue damage
- Collagenase
- Hyaluronidase
- DNase
gas gangrene
30
treatment of gas gangrene
```
Immediate & rigorous cleaning
Surgery to remove infected and dead tissue
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Amputation
Clindamycin + penicillin
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31
Two diseases that present as generalized rashes all over the body in which individual lesions contain fluid.
“Pox”
Chickenpox
Smallpox
vesicular or pustular rash diseases
32
- mild disease.
- resolve in 2 – 3 weeks
- Some experience secondary infections
- 20% mortality rate in immunocompromised people
- 0.1% of cases are followed by encephalopathy
- Vaccine available for infants 12 – 15 months and children 4 – 6 years
chickenpox
33
A reactivation of HHV-3 after a chickenpox infection.
shingles
34
- Virus goes into latency in the ganglia of the thoracic and trigemminal nerves
- Presents with asymmetrical lesions on the trunk or head
- Develops after psychological stress, X-ray treatments, immunosuppressive drugs, surgery, or developing malignancy
- Attenuated vaccine recommended for adults
shingles
35
causative agent of shingles
human herpesvirus 3 (varicella virus) an enveloped DNA virus
36
treatment of shingles
no treatment other than alleviation of discomfort, vaccines are now available
37
- Still considered a biological terror threat
- Progress of rash: macular, papular, vesicular, and finally pustular
- Leaves serious scar tissue
smallpox
38
two forms of small pox
various major and minor
39
highly virulent, leading to toxemia, shock, and intravascular coagulation
variola major
40
rash is less sense and patients experience weaker symptoms
variola minor
41
causative agent of smallpox
various virus (orthopoxvirus) - enveloped DNA virus, can survive outside of the host for long periods of time
42
Flat to slightly raised colored bump
maculopapular rash diseases
43
types of maculopapular rash diseases
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Measles
Rubella
Fifth disease
Roseola
Scarlet fever
```
44
causative agent of measles
Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxovirus family
| Single stranded RNA viurs
45
- Small number of cases develop laryngitis, bronchopneumonia, and bacterial secondary infections
- In 6% of the cases, the virus can cause pneumonia
- 1 in one million cases develop Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis:
sequelae of measles
46
progressive neurological degeneration of the cerebral cortex
subacute sclerosis panencephalitis
47
- "German measles"
- Causes a relatively minor rash with few complications
- Serious damage can occur when a fetus is exposed in the womb
- Women of childbearing years should be vaccinated well before they plan to conceive
rubella
48
causative agent of rubella
rubivirus (family Togavirus)
| single stranded RNA virus, with a loose envelop
49
Infection in the first trimester
- - Induces miscarriage
- -- Causes multiple permanent defects in the newborn
congenital rubella
50
Congenital defects caused by rubella
Deafness
Cardiac abnormalities
Ocular lesions
Mental and physical retardation
51
- Erythema infectiosum:
- Mild disease that results in a “slapped-cheek” appearance
- Causes low-grade fever and malaise
- Rash may persist for weeks and recurs under stress or with sunlight
- Can cause more serious disease in the immunocompromised
fifth disease
52
what is fifth disease caused by
parvovirus B19
53
- Common in babies.
- 70% of cases proceed with no rash
- High fever that comes on quickly and lasts 3 days
- Seizures may occur during this period
- By the time the rash appears, the disease is almost over
- 100% of the US population is infected by adulthood
roseola
54
- Result of a respiratory infection with Streptococcus pyogenes
- If the strain carries a bacteriophage carrying the gene for the erythrogenic toxin, scarlet fever can result
scarlet fever
55
Develop in nearly all individuals, children more than adults
papillomas
56
painless, elevated rough growths on fingers and other body parts
seed warts
57
deep, painful papillomas on the soles of the feet
plantar warts
58
smooth, skin colored lesions that develop on the face, trunk, elbows, and knees
flat warts
59
- Smooth, waxy nodules on the face, trunk and limbs.
- May be indented in the middle and contain a milky fluid
- Highest incidence in certain regions of the Pacific Islands
- Children: face, arms, legs, and trunk
- Adults: genital area
- Immunocompromised: can be disfiguring and more widespread on the body
molluscum contagiosum
60
Zoonosis transmitted by female sand flies
leishmaniasis
61
Localized infection of the capillaries of the skin
| Found in the Mediterranean, African, and Indian regions
cutaneous leishmaniasis
62
affects both skin and mucous membrane
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
63
- Most common and least dangerous infection caused by Bacillus anthracis
- Forms a black eschar when endospores enter the skin and germinate there
cutaneous anthrax
64
Mycoses strictly confined to nonliving epidermal tissues and their derivatives
dermatophytes
65
cutaneous mycoses/dermatophytes
ringworm
66
derives from the erroneous belief that these infections were caused by worms
tinea
67
- Involve the outer epidermal surface.
| - Innocuous infections with cosmetic rather than inflammatory effects
superficial mycoses
68
Malassezia
| Causes mild, chronic scaling that interferes with melanocytes
tine versicolor
69
other conditions of Superficial Mycoses
folliculitis
psoriasis
seborrheic dematitis
70
- Exposed to the environment
- Thin membrane-like tissue that covers the eye and lines the eyelids
- Secretes an oil- and mucus-containing fluid that lubricates and protects the surface of the eye
conjunctiva
71
- Exposed to the environment
- Dome-shaped central portion of the eye lying over the iris
- Five to six layers of epithelial cells that can regenerate quickly if superficially damaged
- “The windshield of the eye
cornea
72
- Reduced innate immunity of the eye to protect vision
- B and T cell response in the eye is reduced
- Anterior chamber is largely cut off from blood supply
- Lymphocytes that gain access to the eye are less active than elsewhere in the body
immune privilege
73
A relatively common infection of the conjunctiva.
conjunctivitis
74
milky discharge
bacterial infection
75
clear exudate
viral infection
76
copious amounts of clear fluid
allergic response
77
Chronic infection of the epithelial cells of the eye caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Major cause of blindness around the world
ocular trachoma
78
- Can lead to complete corneal destruction
- Can be caused by any microorganism after trauma to the eye
- HSV-1: misdirected activation of oral herpes
Acanthamoeba keratitis:
keratitis
79
Amoeba found in tap water and freshwater lakes
| Frequent infection in contact lens wearers
acanthamoeba keratitis
80
- Chronic parasitic infection.
- Worm: Onchocerca volvulus transmitted by black flies
- Microfilariae migrate through the bloodstream to the eyes
- Wolbachia infections inside the worm contribute to the damage in human tissues
river blindness
