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Microbio Exam 2 > Lecture 11 - Microbial Control > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Microbial Control Flashcards

1
Q

Four possible outcomes microbial control outside the body

A

sterilization
disinfection
antisepsis
decontamination

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2
Q

what is the primary targets of microbial control?

A

microorganisms capable of causing infection or spolage

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3
Q

Considered the most resistant microbial entities

A

bacterial endospores

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4
Q

Destruction of endospores is the goal of ____.

A

sterilization

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5
Q

most resistant type of microbial forms

A
  • prions
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6
Q

least resistant type of microbial forms

A
  • enveloped viruses
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7
Q

A process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses.

A

sterilization

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8
Q

any material that has been subject to sterilization

A

sterile

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9
Q

sterilized products are essential to human well being (3)

A
  • surgical instruments
  • syringes
  • commercially packaged foods
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10
Q

The use of a physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores.

A

disinfectection

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11
Q

are normally only used on inanimate objects

A

disinfectants

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12
Q

the growth of microorganisms in blood and other tissues

A

sepsis

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13
Q

any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection

A

asepsis; aseptic techniques

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14
Q

chemical agents that kill microorganisms

A

germicide and microbicide

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15
Q

chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in endospore stage

A

bactericide

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16
Q

kills fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts

A

fungicide

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17
Q

inactivates viruses, especially on living tissue

A

virucide

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18
Q

capable of killing endospores

A

sporicide

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19
Q

Prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or objects in

the environment

A

bacteriostatic agents

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20
Q

Inhibit fungal growth

A

fungistatic chemicals

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21
Q

Chemicals used to control microorganisms in the body (antiseptics and drugs)

A

microbistatic agents

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22
Q

Any cleansing technique that mechanically removes
microbes and debris
• Reduces contamination to safe levels

A

sanitization

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23
Q
  • reduction of the # of microbes on the skin
  • involves scrubbing the skin or immersing it in chemicals or both
  • emulsifies oils on the outer cutaneous layer
  • mechanically removes potential pathogens on the outer layers of the skin
A

antisepsis/degermation

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24
Q

expected to come into contact with sterile tissues

A

critical medical devices

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25
Q

comeinto contact w/t mucosal membranes

A

semi critical medical devices

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26
Q

those that not touch the patient or are only expected to touch intact skin

A

non critical medical devices

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27
Q

factors that affect death rate (7)

A
  • # of microorganisms
  • nature of the microbes the population
  • type of microbial growth
  • tempt and pH of environment
  • concentration of the agent
  • mode of action of the agent
  • presence of solvents, interfering organic matter, and inhibitors
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28
Q

• Cellular targets of physical and chemical agents:

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • DNA RNA
  • proteins
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29
Q

how protein can be altered (3)

A
  • complete denaturation
  • different shape
  • blocked active site
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30
Q

are inserted into the lipid bilayer to disrupt it and create abnormal channels that alter permeability and cause leakage both into and out the cell

A

surfactant molecules

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31
Q

the most widely used method of microbial controls

A

heat

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32
Q

other methods of microbial control

A

radiation
filtration
ultrasonic waves
cold

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33
Q

Hot water, boiling water, steam

Temperature ranges from 60°C - 135°C

A

moist heat

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34
Q

air with a low moisture content that has been heated by a flame or electric heating coil
160c - 1000c

A

dry heat

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35
Q

exhibit the greatest resistance to disinfection methods

A

bacterial endospores

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36
Q

destruction of spores usually requires

A

temperatures above boiling

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37
Q

vary in their sensitivity to heat

A

vegetative cells

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38
Q

the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature

A

thermal death time

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39
Q

the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

A

thermal death point

40
Q

methods of moist heat

A

boiling water, pasteurization, non pressurized steam, steam under pressure

41
Q

2 methods for dry heat

A

hot air and incineration

42
Q

merely retards the activities of most microbes.

A

cold treatment

43
Q

dehydration of vegetative cells directly exposed to normal room air

A

desiccation

44
Q

a combination of freezing and drying

A

lyophilization

45
Q

Energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity
through matter or space

A

radiation

46
Q

radiation suitable for microbial control

A

gamma rays
x rays
UV radiation

47
Q

– Bombardment of microbes with radiation

A

irradiation

48
Q

– Radiation ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causing ions to form
– Causes the most damage to proteins

A

ionizing radiation

49
Q

– Excites atoms, raising them to a higher energy state
– Leads to the formation of abnormal bonds within molecules such as DNA
– UV: Form pyrimidine dimers

A

non ionizing radiation

50
Q

An effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids
• Fluid is strained through a filter with openings large enough for liquid to pass through, but too small for microbes to pass through

A

filtration

51
Q

when is filtration used

A
  • when liquids cannot withstand heat
  • decontaminating milk andbeer
  • water purification
  • removing airborne contaminants
52
Q
  • Adding large amounts of salt or sugar to foods creates a hypertonic environment.
  • causes plasmolysis in bacteria
  • makes it impossible for microbes to multiply
A

osmotic pressure

53
Q

antimicrobial chemicals

A

solid
liquid
gaseous

54
Q

solvents containing pure water as the solvent

A

aqueous solution

55
Q

antimicrobial chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol or water alcohol mixtures

A

tinctures

56
Q

– Rapid action in low concentrations
– Solubility in water or alcohol and long-term stability
– Broad-spectrum microbicidal action without toxicity to human and animal tissues
- Penetration of inanimate surfaces to sustain a cumulative or persistent action

A

desirable qualities of a germicide

57
Q
  • resistance to becoming inactivated by organic matter
  • noncorrosive or nonstaining properties
  • sanitizing and deodorizing properties
  • affordability and ready availability
A

desirable qualities of a germicide

58
Q

critical items that are not heat sterilizable

A

high level germicides

59
Q

used to disinfect semi critical items (respiratory equipment and thermometers)

A

intermediate-level germicides

60
Q

used to clean noncritical materials (electrodes and straps)

A

low-level germicides

61
Q

5 factors that affect the microbicidal activity of chemicals

A
  1. nature of microorganisms being treated.
  2. nature of material being treated
  3. degree of contamination
  4. time of exposure
  5. strength and chemical action of the germicide
62
Q

Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine,
microbicidal, and sporicidal
the active ingredients in 1/3 of all antimicrobial chemicals

A

halogens

63
Q

types of chlorine based products

A
  • gaseous chlorine
  • hypochlorites
  • chloramines
64
Q

hypochlorites

A

bleach

65
Q

chloramines

A

alternative to chlorine

66
Q

types of iodine based products

A

free iodine

iodophors

67
Q

– All classes of organisms are killed by iodine if proper concentrations and exposure times are used
– Not adversely affected by organic matter

A

iodophors

68
Q

applications of iodine

A

Aqueous iodine
Iodine tincture
Iodine tablets
Iodophors

69
Q

– First used as the major antimicrobial chemical

– Toxic and irritating side effects

A

phenol

70
Q

– Destroy vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

– Able to act in the presence of organic matter

A

phenolics

71
Q

applications of phenol

A
  • cresols
  • bisphenols
  • triclosan
  • chlorhexidine
72
Q

what alcohols are appropriate for microbial control

A

ethyl and isopropyl

73
Q

destroys vegetative microbial forms but not endospores, more effective against enveloped viruses than non-enveloped viruses

A

alcohol

74
Q
  • Germicidal effects are due to toxic reactive oxygen

* Bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal at high concentrations

A

hydrogen peroxide

75
Q

Skin and wound cleansing, bedsore care, mouthwashes

A

antiseptic

76
Q

Soft contacts, surgical implants, plastic equipment, etc.

A

disinfectant

77
Q

used for small industrial items and larger enclosed spaces

A

vaporized hydrogen peroxide

78
Q

similar effects to hydrogen peroxide

A

ozone

79
Q

Limited microbicidal power

• Activity due to amphipathic nature of the molecule

A

surfactants

80
Q

Disinfectants: mixed with cleaning agents to sanitize a variety of objects and surfaces
– Preservatives for ophthalmic solutions and cosmetics

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

81
Q

– Weak microbicides
– Pseudomonas grows abundantly in soap dishes
– Mainly used for mechanical removal of microbes
– More germicidal when combined with chlorhexidine or iodine

A

soaps

82
Q

toxic minute quantities

A

oligodynamic

83
Q

have significance as germicides

A

mercury and silver

84
Q

drawbacks to heavy metal compounds

A
  • toxic to humans if ingested
  • cause allergic reactions
  • neutralized by biological wastes
  • microbes can develop resistance to microbes
85
Q

Rapid, broad spectrum, accepted as a sterilant

– Retains potency in the presence of organic matter

A

glutaraldehyde

86
Q

– Formalin: aqueous solution
– Intermediate- to high-level disinfectant
– Extremely toxic

A

formaldehyde

87
Q

– Similar to glutaraldehyde
– Less irritating
– Does not destroy endospores

A

ortho-phthaldehyde (OPA)

88
Q

– Chemiclave: chemical sterilization

– Explosive, causes damage to lungs, eyes, and mucous membranes

A

ethylene oxide

89
Q

– Used for water treatment

– Used to disinfect Congress after the anthrax attacks in 2001

A

chlorine dioxide

90
Q

Incorporated into solutions and ointments to treat skin infections.

A

dyes

91
Q

used for antisepsis and wound treatment

A

yellow acridine dyes

92
Q

limited applications of dyes

A
  • stain

- narrow spectrum of activity

93
Q

• Detergents, cleansers, and deodorizers

A

aqueous ammonium oxide

94
Q
  • Used in food preservation

* Acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, benzoic acid, and sorbic acid

A

organic acids

95
Q

Excreted in the urine of 75% of Americans
• Detectable levels in groundwater sources
• Creates dioxin-like compounds when exposed to sunlight
• Promotes resistance to triclosan and other antibiotics

A

triclosan

96
Q

can penetrate a solid barrier, bombard a cell, enter it, and dislodge electrons from molecules - proteins damage

A

ionizing

97
Q

enters a cell, strikes molecules, and excites them (formation of abnormal bonds)

A

nonionzing

Microbio Exam 2 (7 decks)

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