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Microbio Exam 2 > Lecture 14 - Immune System of Microbio > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Immune System of Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)

A

immunity

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2
Q

immunis

A

exempt

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3
Q

scabs from small pox pustules were used to immunize healthy people

A

variolation

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4
Q

Can we generate immunity without inducing disease?

A

yes through vaccination

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5
Q

prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease

A

vaccination

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6
Q

pathogens fall into four major categories

A

viruses
fungi
parasites
bacteria

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7
Q

3 components of the immune system

A
  • lymphatic system
  • primary and secondary lymphoid organs
  • cells of the immune system
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8
Q

Production of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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9
Q
  • Begins early in embryonic development in the yolk sac
  • Taken over by the liver and lymphatic organs
  • Assumed permanently by the bone marrow
A

hematopoiesis

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10
Q

2 types of primary lymphoid tissue

A

bone marrow

thymus

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11
Q

primary lymphoid tissue is where—

A

initially develop

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12
Q

3 types of secondary lymphoid tissue

A

spleen
lymph nodes
peyers patches in small intestines

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13
Q

All Blood Cells Arise from the

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

site of t cell maturation

A

the thymus

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15
Q

Initiated in Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

A

adaptive immunity

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16
Q

a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

A

first line of defense

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17
Q

a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defenses

A

second line of defense

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18
Q

includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the action of specialized white blood cells

A

third line of defense

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19
Q

innate/nonspecific

A

first and second line

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20
Q

acquired/specific

A

third line

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21
Q

physical barriers, chemical barriers, genetic components

A

first line

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22
Q

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins

A

second line

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23
Q

b cells, t cells and their effects

A

third line

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24
Q

a first line of defense

A

barriers

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25
Q
  • Provides microbial antagonism
  • Blocks access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces
  • Creates unfavorable environments for pathogens
  • —–Competes for nutrients
  • —–Alters local pH
A

resident microbiota

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26
Q

immunity that we are born with

A

innate immune system

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27
Q
  • stored in the bone marrow and are released when needed to fight infection
A

neutrophils

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28
Q

Mechanisms of Phagocytic Recognition, Engulfment, and Killing

A

??

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29
Q

Four classic signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response:

A

rubor
calor
tumor
dolor

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30
Q

redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues

A

rubor

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31
Q

warmth from the increased flow of blood

A

calor

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32
Q

swelling from increased fluid escaping from tissues

33
Q

pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings

34
Q

fifth sign of inflammation

A

loss of function

35
Q
  • To mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury
  • To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
  • Destroy microbes and block their further invasion
A

inflammation

36
Q

antibodies

37
Q

t cell receptor

38
Q

adaptive immune response?

39
Q

rapid response
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response

A

innate immunity

40
Q

slow response
variable
numerous highly selective specificities
improve during response

A

adaptive immuity

41
Q

Two Arms of the Adaptive Immune Response

A

humoral and cellular immune response

42
Q

antibody mediated and b cells

A

humoral immune response

43
Q

t cell mediated

A

cellular immune response

44
Q
  • do not destroy pathogens
  • binds to pathogens
  • molecular adaptors
A

antibiotics

45
Q

prevent pathogens from binding and inhibit their replication

A

neutralizing antibodies

46
Q

Antibodies bind to pathogens and cause their`

A

Inactivation or Destruction

47
Q

are the Diverse Receptors of Adaptive Immunity

A

immunoglobulin and t cells

48
Q

initially the ab response focuses on —-. next is to focus on —-.

A

speed, quality.

49
Q

improved binding by the V regions

A

somatic hypermutation

50
Q

improved effector function by the constant regions

A

isotope switching

51
Q

Occurs upon first exposure to antigen
There is a 3 to 5 day lag period
Maximum IgM production in about 7 days
Maximum IgG levels after 15 days

A

primary immune response

52
Q

distinct properties and
traits that enable it
to do so

A

AB isotope

53
Q

has same 4 phases as primary response

A

secondary response

54
Q

differences in secondary compared to primary

A

time - shorter lag phase, longer plateau, more gradual decline
type of antibody - IgG predominant
AB titer - higher titer, plateau 10 fold higher

55
Q

Faster, stronger, better than before
More rapid response – lag time is shorter
Last longer
Larger amount of IgG is generated
Ab’s produced have more affinity for the antigen

56
Q

an adaptive immune response mediated by specific cells of the immune system

A

cell mediated immunity

57
Q

primarily t cells, but also macrophages and NK cells

A

cell mediated immunity

58
Q

immunity that can be transferred from one organism to another by lymphoid cells, but not by serum antibodies

A

cell mediated immunity

59
Q

involved the destruction of antigen bearing cells by T cells

A

cell mediated

60
Q

involved in the use of AB made by b cells

A

humoral immunity

61
Q

major effectors of cellular immunity

62
Q

comparison of humoral and cell mediated immunity

63
Q

Th1
Th2
Provide “help” to B-cells in the form of cytokines to help B-cell proliferation and antibody production
Only recognizes Ag with MHC Class II

A

CD4+ helper T-cells

64
Q

Responsible for killing virally infected cells

Only recognizes Ag with MHC Class I

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells

65
Q

Role of MHC-II proteins

  • –Found only on Ag-presenting cells (dendritic cells)
  • – Display only foreign (exogenous antigen)
  • –Stimulate the activation of helper (CD4+) T cells
A

Th cell recognition

66
Q

MHC-1 proteins

  • – Found on nearly all nucleated cells
  • – Display peptides produced by host cells or within host cells e.g.: viral infection
A

Tc cell recognition

67
Q

Binding of cytotoxic CD8+ cell to abnormal peptides on MHC-1

Co-stimulation via cytokines

A

Tc cell activation

68
Q

is represented by more than one genetic locus

A

each class of MHC

69
Q

HLA?

A

human leukocyte antigen

70
Q

HLA-A, -B, -C

A

MHC-I loci

71
Q

HLA-DR, -DQ -DP

A

MHC-II loci

72
Q

Comparison of Class I and Class II MHC Pathways

73
Q

Dysfunctions of immunity―two broad categories

A
  1. overly active/misdirected immune response

2. immunodeficiency

74
Q

Allergies/asthma
Autoimmune disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis,
Crohn’s disease)

A

overly active/misdirected immune response

75
Q
  • Primary (genetic) loss of immune function
  • Secondary (acquired) loss of immune function
  • Opportunistic infections (e.g., oral thrush) can occur in people with impaired immune responses
A

immuodeficiency

76
Q

where is majority of commensal bacteria

77
Q

can kill commensal bacteria

A

antibiotics

78
Q

gain a foothold and produce toxins that cause mucosal injury

A

pathogenic bacteria

79
Q

leak into gut between injured epithelial cells

A

red and white blood cells

Microbio Exam 2 (7 decks)

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