Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio Exam 2 > Lecture 10 - Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Flashcards

1
Q

No product or application is directly derived from it

A

basic science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Applications from basic research science

A

applied science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • Clip DNA crosswise at selected positions
  • Recognize foreign DNA
  • Capable of breaking the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides on both strands of DNA
  • Protect bacteria and archaea from bacteriophage or plasmids
A

restriction endonuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Each endonuclease recognizes a sequence of 4 – 10 base pairs
  • Recognize and clip at palindromes
A

restriction endonucleases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Staggered symmetrical cuts that leave short tails

A

sticky ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pieces of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases

A

restriction fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • Differences in the cutting pattern of specific restriction endonucleases give rise to restriction patterns of different lengths
  • Allows direct comparison of DNA of two different organisms at a specific site
A

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Necessary to seal sticky ends together by rejoining the phosphate-sugar bonds cut by endonucleases
  • Main application is final splicing of genes into plasmids and chromosomes
A

ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Replicates HIV and other retroviruses

Able to convert RNA into DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • Made from messenger, transfer, ribosomal, and other forms of RNA
  • Useful in synthesizing eukaryotic genes from mRNA transcripts
  • Gene is free of introns
A

complementary DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Positions of DNA fragments are determined by staining the DNA fragments in the gel

A

gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Useful in characterizing DNA fragments

Allow for comparison of genetic similarities among samples in a genetic fingerprint

A

electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two different nucleic acids can ____ by uniting at their complementary regions.

A

hybridize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ssDNA can hybridize with

A

ssDNA or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RNA can hybridize with

A

other RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A short stretch of DNA of a known sequence that will base-pair with a stretch of DNA with a complementary stretch of DNA if it exists in a sample

A

gene probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

carry reporter molecules such as fluorescent dyes so that areas of hybridization can be visualized

A

gene probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

detected when non pigmented substrates become color molecules by the action of the enzyme

A

enzyme linked probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnosing the cause of an infection from a patient’s specimen
Identifying a culture of an unknown bacterium or virus

A

gene probes use

20
Q

DNA is isolated, denatured, placed on an absorbent filter, and combined with a microbe-specific probe
Blot is then developed and observed for areas of hybridization

A

hybridization

21
Q

Probes are applied to intact cells

Observed microscopically for the presence and location of specific genetic marker sequences on genes

A

FISH

22
Q

A very effective way to identify genes on chromosomes
Also effective in identifying bacteria living in natural habitats without culturing them
Used to detect RNA in cells and tissues

A

FISH

23
Q

Rapidly increases the amount of DNA in a sample without the need for making cultures or carrying out complex purification techniques.

A

PCR

24
Q

Can detect cancer from a single cell

Can diagnose an infection from a single gene copy

A

PCR

25
Q

uses the same events of DNA replication

A

PCR

26
Q

synthetic oligonucleotides of a known sequence of 15 – 30 bases that indicate where amplification should begin

A

primers of PCR

27
Q

High temperatures necessitate use of DNA polymerases isolated from thermophilic bacteria

A

DNA polymerase of PCR

28
Q

3 steps of PCR

A

denature
priming
extension

29
Q

two good types of cloning vectors

A

plasmids

bacteriophages

30
Q
  • small, characterized, easy to manipulate
  • can be transferred via transformation
  • carry genetic markers for resistance to antibiotics
A

plasmid vector

31
Q

natural ability to inject DNA into bacterial hosts through transduction

A

bacteriophageRecombinant organisms produced through the introduction of foreign genes
Also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

32
Q

Recombinant organisms produced through the introduction of foreign genes
(GMOs)

A

transgenic organisms

33
Q

creation of organisms from scratch

A

synthetic biology

34
Q

a result of synthetic biology

A

XNA

35
Q
  • Contain different sugars than DNA and RNA, or in some cases, no sugars at all
  • Enzymes were able to copy resulting in the ability to store information and pass it on to descendant cells.
  • These findings imply that life on other planets does/did not require DNA or RNA to exist
A

XNA

36
Q

give an exact order of bases in a plasmid, chromosome, or genome

A

sequence maps

37
Q

The whole genome of an organism is broken down into smaller, manageable fragments

Fragments are separated through gel electrophoresis (inserted into plasmid and cloned into an E coli cell)

A

whole genome shotgun sequencing WGSS

38
Q

Plasmids are purified and DNA fragments are sequenced by automated sequencers
A computer program takes all the sequence data and is able to find where the sequence overlaps

A

WGSS

39
Q

a larger, contiguous set of nucleotide sequences produced by the automated process

A

contigs

40
Q

Sophisticated computers and systems developed to sequence genomes in a shorter period of time with less human effort

A

high-throughput sequencing

41
Q

Manage the data produced through high-throughput screening
Analyze and classify genes
Determine protein sequences
Ultimately determine the function of the genes

A

genomics and bioinformatics

42
Q

Determining the functional information of a gene sequence

A

annotating the genome

43
Q

Based on the principle that the way nucleotides are combined is different for each organism

A

dna profiling

44
Q

only a single nucleotide is altered

A

SNP

45
Q

Allows biologists to view the expression of genes in any given cell
Track the expression of thousands of genes at once

A

microarray analysis

46
Q

study of the proteins a cell produces at a defined point in time

A

proteomics

Microbio Exam 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions