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Microbio Exam 2 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply

A

infection

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2
Q
  • Cumulative effects of infection damage
  • Disruption of tissues and organs
  • Results in disease
A

pathologic state

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3
Q

Any deviation from health

A

disease

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4
Q

factors that cause disease

A

infections, diet, genetics, aging

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5
Q

Disruption of tissues or organs caused by microbes or their products

A

infectious disease

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6
Q

Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body

A

normal biota

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7
Q

known as resident or indigenous biota

A

normal flora

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8
Q
  • Include an array of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses

- These organisms have a profound effect on human biology

A

normal biota

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9
Q

sites that harbor a known normal biota

A
  • skin
  • respiratory tract and lungs
  • GI tract
  • urethra
  • genitalia
  • ear canal
  • eye
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10
Q

sterile sites of human body

A
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11
Q
  • Influence the development of organs

- Prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

A

benefits of normal biota

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12
Q
  • The general antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms
  • Microbes in a steady, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes
A

microbial antagonism

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13
Q

can influence many facets of your overall health.

A

intestinal biota

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14
Q

Differences in the gut microbiome have been preliminarily associated with differences in the risk for:

A 
Heart disease
Asthma
Autism
Rheumatoid arthritis
Even thoughts, moods, and propensity for mental illness
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15
Q

factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection

A
  • age
  • AIDS/genetic defects
  • surgery
    cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
  • chemotherapy
  • physical and mental stress
  • other infections
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16
Q
  • Caused by biota already in the body

- Can occur when normal biota is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

A

endogenous infections

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17
Q

example of endogenous infections

A

Escherichia coli entering the bladder, resulting in a UTI

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18
Q

A growing number of doctors and scientists believe fetuses are seeded with normal microbiota

A

in utero

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19
Q

table 13.4

A
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20
Q
  • A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic
  • Results in infection and disease
  • Type and severity of infection depend on both the pathogenicity of the organism and the condition of the host
A

pathogen

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21
Q

Describes an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease

A

pathogenicity

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22
Q

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

A

true pathogens

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23
Q

Cause disease when:

  • The host’s defenses are compromised
  • When they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them
A

opportunistic pathogens

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24
Q

The relative severity of the disease caused by a particular microorganism

A

virulence

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25
Q

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or induction of an injurious host response

A

virulence factors

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26
Q

steps to infection

A
  1. entry
  2. attach to the host
  3. surviving host defenses
  4. disease
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27
Q

A characteristic route taken by a microbe to initiate infection
Usually through skin or mucous membranes

A

portal of entry

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28
Q

originating outside the body

A

exogenous

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29
Q

already existing in the body

A

endogenous

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30
Q

sites of entry in skin

A

nicks
abrasions
punctures
conjunctiva

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31
Q

The Gastrointestinal Tract as Portal

A

food, drink, or other ingested substances (adapted to survive digestive enzymes and abrupt pH changes)

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32
Q

gateways to the respiratory tract

A

oral cavity

nasal cavity

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33
Q

Pathogens transmitted by sexual means
Account for 4% of infections worldwide
13 million new cases in the U.S. each year

A

STI’s

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34
Q
  • Formed by maternal and fetal tissues
  • Separates the blood of the developing fetus from that of the mother
  • Permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases to the fetus
A

placenta

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35
Q

how are pathogens infected during pregnancy and birth

A
  • cross the placenta and are spread by the umbilical vein into the fetal tissues.
  • are transmitted perinatally as the child passes through the birth canal.
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36
Q

common infections of the fetus and neonate.

A

TORCH

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37
Q

TORCH

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other diseases:  syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, chlamydia
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
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38
Q

a minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed

A

infectious dose

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39
Q

White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

A

phagocytes

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40
Q

Virulence factor used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes

Circumvent some part of the phagocytic process

A

antiphagocytic factors

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41
Q
  • Structures, products, or capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in the host
  • Adaptations that a microbe uses to invade and establish itself in a host
  • Determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs
A

virulence factors

42
Q

table 13.8

A

–

43
Q

patterns of infection

A
  • finding a portal of entry
  • attaching
  • surviving host defenses
  • causing damage
  • exiting host
44
Q

Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
(boils, fungal skin infections, warts)

A

localized infection

45
Q

When an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream.

A

systemic infection

46
Q

measles, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS

A

viral

47
Q

: brucellosis, anthrax, typhoid fever, syphilis

A

bacterial

48
Q

histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis

A

fungal

49
Q

Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

A

focal infection

50
Q

examples of focal infection

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Streptococcal pharyngitis: scarlet fever
  • Toxemia:
51
Q

infection remains localized, toxins are carried through the blood to the target tissue

A

toxemia

52
Q
  • Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site
  • In synergistic infections, microbes cooperate in breaking down tissue
  • In other mixed infections, one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade
A

mixed infection

53
Q

gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, human bite infections

A

polymicrobial disease

54
Q

initial infection

A

primary infection

55
Q

occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe

A

secondary infection

56
Q

come on rapidly

have short-lived effects

A

acute infections

57
Q

progress and persist over a long period of time

A

chronic infections

58
Q

Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

A

sign

59
Q

Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

A

symptom

60
Q

A disease identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

A

a disease identified or by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

61
Q

table 13.9

A
62
Q

Earliest symptom of disease

A

inflammation

63
Q

accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue

A

edema

64
Q

Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues

A

granulomas and abscesses

65
Q

swollen lymph nodes

A

lymphadenitis

66
Q

inc in WBC

A

leukocytosis

67
Q

dec in WBC

A

leukopenia

68
Q

General state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

A

septicemia

69
Q

Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying

A

small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying

70
Q

Presence of viruses in the blood, whether or not they are actively multiplying

A

viremia

71
Q
  • Host is infected but does not manifest the disease
  • Patient experiences no symptoms or disease and does not seek medical attention
  • Most infections are attended by some sort of sign
A

Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent infections:

72
Q

portal of exit

A

Secretion
Excretion
Discharge
Sloughed tissue

73
Q
  • A dormant state of an infectious agent

- During this state, a microbe can periodically become active and produce recurrent disease

A

latency

74
Q

Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues

A

sequelae

75
Q

The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms

A

incubation period

76
Q

When the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear

A

prodromal period

77
Q

Infectious agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits greatest virulence

A

period of invasion

78
Q

Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline

A

convalescent stage

79
Q

A permanent place for an infectious agent to reside

A

reservoir

80
Q

distinct from a reservoir

A

source

81
Q

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing

A

carrier

82
Q

living reservoirs table

A

–

83
Q

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

A

vector

84
Q

majority of vectors are

A

arthropods

85
Q
  • Actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle

- Serves as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle

A

biological vector

86
Q
  • Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent

- Merely transport it without being infected

A

mechanical vectors

87
Q

table 13.10

A
88
Q

Essential aim of the study of infection and disease is determining the etiologic agent (causative agent).

A

koch’s postulates to determine etiology

89
Q

Developed a standard for determining causation of disease that stood the test of scientific scrutiny
Determined the causative agent of anthrax

A

robert koch

90
Q

a series of proofs that established the principal criteria for etiologic studies

A

koch’s postulates

91
Q

given off by live cells, have highly specific targets and physiological effects

A

exotoxins

92
Q

given off when the cell wall of gram - bacteria disintegrates has more generalized physiological effects (fever, malaise, aches, shock)

A

endotoxins

93
Q

mechanisms of adhesion by pathogens

A
  • fimbrae
  • capsules
  • spikes
94
Q

three ways microbes damage the host

A
  • exoenzymes
  • toxins
  • blocked phagocytic response
95
Q

results in complete lysis of red blood cells incorporated in agar, leaving area of complete clearing around the bacterial colony

A

beta hemolysis

96
Q

incompletely hemolysis the RBC, leading to a green tint where the exotoxin has acted

A

alpha hemolysis

97
Q

infected but shown symptoms of disease

A

asymptomatic and incubating carriers

98
Q

recuperating patients without symptoms, continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others

A

convalescent carriers

99
Q

individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent

A

chronic carrier

100
Q

medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient material that are heavily contaminated

A

passive carriers

Microbio Exam 2 (7 decks)

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