Lecture 13 Flashcards
A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply
infection
- Cumulative effects of infection damage
- Disruption of tissues and organs
- Results in disease
pathologic state
Any deviation from health
disease
factors that cause disease
infections, diet, genetics, aging
Disruption of tissues or organs caused by microbes or their products
infectious disease
Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body
normal biota
known as resident or indigenous biota
normal flora
- Include an array of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses
- These organisms have a profound effect on human biology
normal biota
sites that harbor a known normal biota
- skin
- respiratory tract and lungs
- GI tract
- urethra
- genitalia
- ear canal
- eye
sterile sites of human body
- Influence the development of organs
- Prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
benefits of normal biota
- The general antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms
- Microbes in a steady, established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes
microbial antagonism
can influence many facets of your overall health.
intestinal biota
Differences in the gut microbiome have been preliminarily associated with differences in the risk for:
Heart disease Asthma Autism Rheumatoid arthritis Even thoughts, moods, and propensity for mental illness
factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection
- age
- AIDS/genetic defects
- surgery
cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes - chemotherapy
- physical and mental stress
- other infections
- Caused by biota already in the body
- Can occur when normal biota is introduced to a site that was previously sterile
endogenous infections
example of endogenous infections
Escherichia coli entering the bladder, resulting in a UTI
A growing number of doctors and scientists believe fetuses are seeded with normal microbiota
in utero
table 13.4
- A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic
- Results in infection and disease
- Type and severity of infection depend on both the pathogenicity of the organism and the condition of the host
pathogen
Describes an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease
pathogenicity
Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses
true pathogens
Cause disease when:
- The host’s defenses are compromised
- When they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them
opportunistic pathogens
The relative severity of the disease caused by a particular microorganism
virulence
Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or induction of an injurious host response
virulence factors
steps to infection
- entry
- attach to the host
- surviving host defenses
- disease
A characteristic route taken by a microbe to initiate infection
Usually through skin or mucous membranes
portal of entry
originating outside the body
exogenous
already existing in the body
endogenous
sites of entry in skin
nicks
abrasions
punctures
conjunctiva
The Gastrointestinal Tract as Portal
food, drink, or other ingested substances (adapted to survive digestive enzymes and abrupt pH changes)
gateways to the respiratory tract
oral cavity
nasal cavity
Pathogens transmitted by sexual means
Account for 4% of infections worldwide
13 million new cases in the U.S. each year
STI’s
- Formed by maternal and fetal tissues
- Separates the blood of the developing fetus from that of the mother
- Permits diffusion of dissolved nutrients and gases to the fetus
placenta
how are pathogens infected during pregnancy and birth
- cross the placenta and are spread by the umbilical vein into the fetal tissues.
- are transmitted perinatally as the child passes through the birth canal.
common infections of the fetus and neonate.
TORCH
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis Other diseases: syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, chlamydia Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus
a minimum number of microbes required for an infection to proceed
infectious dose
White blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals
phagocytes
Virulence factor used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes
Circumvent some part of the phagocytic process
antiphagocytic factors
- Structures, products, or capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in the host
- Adaptations that a microbe uses to invade and establish itself in a host
- Determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs
virulence factors
table 13.8
–
patterns of infection
- finding a portal of entry
- attaching
- surviving host defenses
- causing damage
- exiting host
Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
(boils, fungal skin infections, warts)
localized infection
When an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream.
systemic infection
measles, rubella, chickenpox, AIDS
viral
: brucellosis, anthrax, typhoid fever, syphilis
bacterial
histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis
fungal
Exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
focal infection
examples of focal infection
- Tuberculosis
- Streptococcal pharyngitis: scarlet fever
- Toxemia:
infection remains localized, toxins are carried through the blood to the target tissue
toxemia
- Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site
- In synergistic infections, microbes cooperate in breaking down tissue
- In other mixed infections, one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade
mixed infection
gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, human bite infections
polymicrobial disease
initial infection
primary infection
occurs when a primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe
secondary infection
come on rapidly
have short-lived effects
acute infections
progress and persist over a long period of time
chronic infections
Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
sign
Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
symptom
A disease identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms
a disease identified or by a certain complex of signs and symptoms
table 13.9
Earliest symptom of disease
inflammation
accumulation of fluid in afflicted tissue
edema
Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues
granulomas and abscesses
swollen lymph nodes
lymphadenitis
inc in WBC
leukocytosis
dec in WBC
leukopenia
General state in which microbes are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers
septicemia
Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying
small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but not multiplying
Presence of viruses in the blood, whether or not they are actively multiplying
viremia
- Host is infected but does not manifest the disease
- Patient experiences no symptoms or disease and does not seek medical attention
- Most infections are attended by some sort of sign
Asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent infections:
portal of exit
Secretion
Excretion
Discharge
Sloughed tissue
- A dormant state of an infectious agent
- During this state, a microbe can periodically become active and produce recurrent disease
latency
Long-term or permanent damage to organs and tissues
sequelae
The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms
incubation period
When the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear
prodromal period
Infectious agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits greatest virulence
period of invasion
Patient responds to infection and symptoms decline
convalescent stage
A permanent place for an infectious agent to reside
reservoir
distinct from a reservoir
source
An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing
carrier
living reservoirs table
–
a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
vector
majority of vectors are
arthropods
- Actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle
- Serves as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle
biological vector
- Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent
- Merely transport it without being infected
mechanical vectors
table 13.10
Essential aim of the study of infection and disease is determining the etiologic agent (causative agent).
koch’s postulates to determine etiology
Developed a standard for determining causation of disease that stood the test of scientific scrutiny
Determined the causative agent of anthrax
robert koch
a series of proofs that established the principal criteria for etiologic studies
koch’s postulates
given off by live cells, have highly specific targets and physiological effects
exotoxins
given off when the cell wall of gram - bacteria disintegrates has more generalized physiological effects (fever, malaise, aches, shock)
endotoxins
mechanisms of adhesion by pathogens
- fimbrae
- capsules
- spikes
three ways microbes damage the host
- exoenzymes
- toxins
- blocked phagocytic response
results in complete lysis of red blood cells incorporated in agar, leaving area of complete clearing around the bacterial colony
beta hemolysis
incompletely hemolysis the RBC, leading to a green tint where the exotoxin has acted
alpha hemolysis
infected but shown symptoms of disease
asymptomatic and incubating carriers
recuperating patients without symptoms, continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others
convalescent carriers
individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent
chronic carrier
medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient material that are heavily contaminated
passive carriers