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BISC 312 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false.

Catabolism is the breakdown of material and anabolism is the synthesis of complex organic compounds

A

True

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2
Q

True or false

Anabolism needs a net energy input whereas catabolism creates a net energy output

A

true

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3
Q

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

A

Autographs are able to make material simply from CO2 whereas heterotrophs need to get their energy and metabolites from other organic compounds

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4
Q

What is the general net output of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP 2 NADH 2H+ 2H20

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5
Q

true or false

glycolysis can continue without oxygen presence

A

true

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6
Q

true or false

glycerol and amino acids can enter the gluconeogenic pathway at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate respectively

A

true

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7
Q

True or false

Gluconeogenesis can aid in the synthesis of glycogen

A

true

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8
Q

What is a futile cycle?

A

when cycles are unchecked and ATP will be used up with no progress in either direction of a cycle

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9
Q

What are the main activated carriers in metabolism?

A

ATP = activated carrier of phosphoryl groups

NADP and NADPH = carrier of electrons

FADH2 = carrier of electrons

Acetyl CoA = carrier of two-carbons molecules

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10
Q

The basic structure of NAD+ is:
A) base-sugar-sugar-phosphate-sugar-base
B) base-sugar-phosphate-phosphate-sugar-base
C) sugar-base-phosphate-phosphate-base-sugar
D) none of the above are the basic structure of NAD+

A

B

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11
Q

true or false

each electron is associated with an H+ molecule

A

true

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12
Q

True or false

the vitamin niacin is the derivative of NAD+

A

true

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13
Q

Based on your knowledge of NAD+, which of the following statements is true?
A) it contains a 3 phosphate group total in its compound
B) Its reduced form contains an additional H on its compound and there is also an extra H+ in solution
c) NAD+ is an inorganic cofactor
D) it is derived from a non-essential amino acid

A

B

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14
Q

true or false.

NAD+ contains a purine base and its reactive group is the nicotinamide group

A

true

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15
Q

true or false.

Reduction of NAD+ results in a more acidic solution

A

true

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16
Q

true or false NAD+ is a reductant and is oxidized

A

false, reverse

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17
Q

When comparing NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, which of following statements is NOT true?
A) NAD+/NADH is involved in catabolic reactions
B) NADPH/NADP+ reactions typically work with reducatases whereas NAD+/NADH tend to work with dehydrogenases
C) NADP+ can be transformed to NAD+ by a mitchonchondrial linked transhydrogenase
D) NADPH/NADP+ tend to work in oxidative pathways whereas NAD+/NADH tend to work in reductive pathways

A

D

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18
Q

true or false

NAD+ kinase can transform NAD+ to NADP+

A

true

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19
Q

true or false

reductases involve the reduction of substrates whereas dehydrogenases involve the oxidation of substrates

A

true

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20
Q

What are the change in free energy equations relating enthalpy and entropy as well as concentration?

A 
G= H -TS
G= G0' + RTln(CD/AB)
21
Q

true or false

energy needed to drive biosynthetic reactions is driven by the reduction of organic substrates

A

false. oxidation of organic substrates is a function of catabolic reactions, which produce energy. Reduction is the role of anabolic reactions and involves net input of energy

22
Q 
Which of the following compounds is NOT able to couple to ATP synthesis?
A) PEP
B) BPG
C) Glucose-6-phosphate
D) Creatine phosphate
A

C

23
Q

True or false.

The most favorable phosphorylated compound of main donor groups is phosphoenol pyruvate

A

true

24
Q

True or false

One would expect creatine phosphate levels to be high when ATP levels are low

A

false. One would expect creatine levels to be high since this is a product of ATP synthesis

25
Q 
Which of the following are NOT quick regulators of metabolic activity?
A) controlling enzyme amount
B) substrate level control
C) allosteric control
D) reversible covalent modifications
A

A

26
Q

true or false

glycolysis is a universal process in most living cells

A

true

27
Q

What are the two main stages of Glycolysis and their function?

A

Energy investment and Energy generation
energy investment is to trap and prime the glucose and energy generation is to oxidized products of stage 1 to pyruvate and to harvest ATP

28
Q

True or false

Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

A

false. cytosol

29
Q

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

enter TCA cycle, make lactate, or make ethanol under anaerobic fermentation

30
Q

true or false

Fermentation generates energy but does not change the overall oxidation state of the carbon substrate

A

true

31
Q

True or false

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytosol

A

true

32
Q

True or false

Lactate dehydrogenase is responsible for the regeneration of NAD+

A

true

33
Q

True or false

One would expect the the activity of lactate fermentation to increase as pH decreases

A

true

34
Q

True or false

lactate and pyruvate are both 3 carbon molecules

A

True

35
Q

True or false.

One would expect an increase in pH to increase the rate of NADH product

A

True

36
Q

True or false

the delta g of lactate production is -25.1 kj/mol

A

true

37
Q

What is the net product of Lactate fermentation per glucose?

A

2 Lactate 2 ATP and 2 H20

38
Q

What is hormonal regulation?

A
    • specific cells, target cells

- - respond to hormones if they have a specific receptor protein on their surface

39
Q

What is an overview of glycolysis?

A

– 6 carbon sugar is split into 2 3-carbon molecules

– ATP is formed from energy released during this process

– can proceed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

– regulation is well understood

– universal process in most living cells and plays a central metabolic role by generating energy and intermediates for other pathways

40
Q

What is the difference between energy investment and energy generation?

A
  1. Glucose –> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)
    - ——-> trapping and priming
    - ——-> attaching phosphate to low energy bond to make something that will release a lot energy later
  2. Oxidation to GAP to pyruvate harvesting ATP
41
Q

Per glucose how much ATP is consumed, how much is produced and how much NADH is produced?

A
    • 2 ATP consumed and 4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced

- —-> net production 2 ATP and 2 NADH

42
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

– located in cytosol

43
Q

What are the three different fates for pyruvate post-Glycolysis?

A

– Acetaldehyde –> Ethanol (anaerobic alcoholic fermentation)

– Lactate (anaerobic homolactic fermentation)

– Acetyl CoA –> further oxidation (aerobic)

44
Q

T or F, fermentation generates energy, but no overall change in oxidation state of the carbon substrate

A

True

45
Q

T or F, since NAD+ is needed for glycolysis (ATP production) is must be recycled back after glucose is broken down

A

True; NADH is re-oxidized by reducing pyruvate to lactate

46
Q

What is the benefit of recycling NAD+ w/ NADH?

A

– allows glycolysis to continue even in absence of oxygen

47
Q

T or F, some reactions are so exergonic they’re irreversible

A

True

48
Q

What is the fermentation of pyruvate to lactate?

A

– reaction occurs in microorganisms and in our tissues whenever pyruvate is produced faster than it can be oxidized in the Citric Acid Cycle, conditions of low oxygen availability (e.g. strenuous exercise)

BISC 312 (31 decks)

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