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Bio 224 Lecture > Lecture 14: overview of the structures of the endocrine system > Flashcards

Lecture 14: overview of the structures of the endocrine system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nerve cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream are called _____ _____.

A

neurosecretory cells

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2
Q

in humans, neurosectory cells are found in the _______.

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

small but complex appendage that sits at the base of the brain - in the sella turcica- most median depression in the medial cranial fossa of the sphenoid bone.

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4
Q

pituitary lies just _____ to hypothalamus.

A

inferior

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5
Q

_____ and ____ connected by stalk containing nerve fibers and blood vessels.

A

hypothalamus; pituitary

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6
Q

pituitary composed of two lobes:

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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7
Q

hypthalmus is an outgrowth of the brain, _____ _____.

A

neural ectoderm

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8
Q

______ ____ is an outgrowth of hypothalamus, neural ectoderm

A

posterior pituitary

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9
Q

_____ ______ develops as a superiorly directed outgrowth of roof of mouth, ectoderm.

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what is the innervation of the hypothalamus?

A

part of brain or very close to it in case of pituitary.

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11
Q

what is the arterial supply for the hypothalamus?

A

circulus arteriosus cerebri

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12
Q

what is the venous drainage for the hypothalamus?

A

cavernous venous sinus

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13
Q

(released by neurohypophysis)
hypothalamic hormones enclosed in vesicles that move down axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the posterior ____ ____

A

pituitary’s capillaries

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14
Q

(released by neurohypophysis

in response to an action potential - hormones are released from vesicles, in this case into ______ _____

A

venous capillaries

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15
Q

______ and ______ are manufactured in the hypothalamus, but released in the posterior pituitary.

A

oxytocin; vasopressin

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16
Q

(released by adenohypophysis)
hypothalamic hormones enclosed in vesicles that move down axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the ____ ____.

A

pituitary stalk

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17
Q

(released by adenohypophysis)

in response to an action potential- hormones are released from vesicles, in this case into the ____ ____ _____

A

pituitary portal system

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18
Q

a ____ ____ effects control over the secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone;

A

hypothalamic hormone

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19
Q

the corresponding anterior pituitary hormone controls secretion of the hormone of another ____ ____; and

A

endocrine gland

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20
Q

_____ ____ secretion of this gland effects other target tissues/organs.

A

endocrine gland

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21
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

initiates labor
stimulates mammary glands to release milk
stimulates uterine contractions in activités other than labor

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22
Q

what is the function of vasopressin?

A

decreases urines output by increasing DCT and collecting duct permeability

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23
Q

what is the function releasing hormone?

A

stimulates release of anterior pituitary hormones

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24
Q

what is the function of inhibiting hormones?

A

inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones

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25
Q

the function of growth hormone (GH)?

A

regulates growth; affects protein, fat , and carbohydrate metabolism

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26
Q

what is the function thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

controls secretion of thyroxine

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27
Q

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

controls secretion of hormones released by adrenal cortex

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28
Q

what is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

in females, stimulates maturation of egg cells; in males, stimulates nurse cells for sperm maturation.

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29
Q

what is the function lutenizing hormone (LH)?

A

in males, stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes; in females; stimulates release of ovum by ovary.

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30
Q

what is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

along with ACTH, affects pigment release in skin

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31
Q

what is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

stimulates milk production

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32
Q

what is the location and development of the pineal gland?

A

outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon, found near the posterior margin of the corpus callosum.

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33
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pineal gland?

A

circulus arteriosus cerebri

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34
Q

what is the the venous drainage of the pineal gland?

A

cavernous venous sinus

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35
Q

what hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

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36
Q

what is the function of melatonin?

A

amino acid derivative thought to have connection with regulating sleep cycle

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37
Q

what is the location of the thymus gland?

A

located deep to sternum and just ventral to great vessels of heart.

38
Q

what is the development of the thymus gland?

A

from epithelial cells derived from endoderm of third pair of visceral pouches

39
Q

what is the innervation of the thymus gland?

A

vagus nerve (X)

40
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thymus gland?

A

branches from internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian)

41
Q

what is the venous drainage of the thymus gland?

A

thymic veins to brachiocephlic vein

42
Q

what is the function of thymosin, thymus humeral factor, thymopoietin?

A

convert embryonic lymphocytes into T-cells

43
Q

what is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

located close to thyroid cartilage.

44
Q

what is the development of the thyroid gland?

A

first endocrine gland to appear during development.

45
Q

what is the innervation of the thyroid gland?

A

vagus nerve (X)

46
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A

superior inferior thyroid arteries

47
Q

what is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.

48
Q

what are the hormones produced from the thyroid gland?

A

thryroxin; calcitonin

49
Q

what is the function of thyroxin?

A

regulates rate of metabolism

50
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

decreases levels of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoclasts.

51
Q

what is the location of the parathyroid gland?

A
  • usually paired

- very small, paired on the outer surface of thyroid gland

52
Q

what is the development of the parathyroid gland?

A

like thyroid gland, develop from endodermal thickening in floor of early pharynx and epithelium of 3rd and 4th gill slit pouches.

53
Q

what is the hormone produced from the parathyroid gland?

A

parathyroid hormone

54
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

raises the level of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoblasts and promoting osteoclasts

55
Q

what is the location of the adrenal gland?

A

on cranial (superior) surface of kidney

56
Q

what is the development of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex - mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall.

adrenal medulla - neural crest cells that are derived from adjacent sympathetic

57
Q

what is the arterial supply for the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal arteries

58
Q

what is the venous drainage for the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal veins

59
Q

________- regulate sodium retention and potassium loss.

A

mineralocticoids

60
Q

________- act as anti-inflammatory agents; affect metabolism of food.

A

glucocorticoids

61
Q

______- regulates control over rapid growth spurts in preadolescents.

A

androgens

62
Q

______ - increases heart rate and blood pressure

A

adrenaline

63
Q

______ - constricts arterioles

A

noradrenaline

64
Q

what is the location of the pancreas?

A

inside notch of duodenum; retroperitoneal

65
Q

what is the development of the pancreas?

A

diverticulum of embryonic foregut.

66
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the pancreas?

A

greater splanchnic nerve

67
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas?

A

vagus nerve

68
Q

what is arterial supply pancreas?

A

pancreaticoduodenal arteries

69
Q

what is the venous drainage of the pancreas?

A

pancreaticoduodenal vein

70
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

pancreas is not only an exocrine gland for digestion

71
Q

what hormones are produced from the pancreas?

A

glucagon and insulin

72
Q

_____ - from alpha cells of pancreatic islets, raises blood glucose level

A

glucagon

73
Q

______- from beta cells of pancreatic islets, lowers blood glucose level.

A

insulin

74
Q

what is the location of the ovary?

A

near kidneys, anchored by fallopian tubes to uterus

75
Q

what is the development of the ovary?

A

intermediate mesoderm

76
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the ovary?

A

similar to hind gut, level T12, follows least splanchnic nerve

77
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the ovary?

A

sacral outflow

78
Q

what is the arterial supply for the ovary?

A

ovarian artery, branch of abdominal aorta

79
Q

what is the venous drainage for the ovary?

A

ovarian vein, dump into inferior vena cava

80
Q

what is the function of the ovary?

A

ovaries produce ova in regular cycle determined by hormonal secretions.

81
Q

______ - stimulate development of female sex organs and sexual characteristics

A

estrogens

82
Q

_____ + ______ - regulate menstrual cycle; maintain pregnancy in presence of developing embryo or fetus

A

progesterone ; estrogens

83
Q

_____ - responsible for sperm production and synthesis of male sex hormones

A

testes

84
Q

what is the location of the testes?

A

in postnatal males, in scrotal sac, connected to inner workings of body by spermatic cord.

85
Q

as transitory stage of kidney degenerates, a ligament called the ______ descends on each side of abdomen from inferior pole of gonad

A

gubernaculum

86
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation for the testes?

A

T10-T12

87
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation for the testes?

A

sacral outflow

88
Q

what is the arterial supply for the testes?

A

testicular artery

89
Q

what is the venous drainage for the testes?

A

testicular vein

90
Q

_______ - stimulate development of male sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and behavioral features.

A

testosterone

Bio 224 Lecture (15 decks)

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