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Bio 224 Lecture > Lecture 14: overview of the structures of the endocrine system > Flashcards

Lecture 14: overview of the structures of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

nerve cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream are called _____ _____.

A

neurosecretory cells

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2
Q

in humans, neurosectory cells are found in the _______.

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

small but complex appendage that sits at the base of the brain - in the sella turcica- most median depression in the medial cranial fossa of the sphenoid bone.

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4
Q

pituitary lies just _____ to hypothalamus.

A

inferior

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5
Q

_____ and ____ connected by stalk containing nerve fibers and blood vessels.

A

hypothalamus; pituitary

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6
Q

pituitary composed of two lobes:

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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7
Q

hypthalmus is an outgrowth of the brain, _____ _____.

A

neural ectoderm

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8
Q

______ ____ is an outgrowth of hypothalamus, neural ectoderm

A

posterior pituitary

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9
Q

_____ ______ develops as a superiorly directed outgrowth of roof of mouth, ectoderm.

A

anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what is the innervation of the hypothalamus?

A

part of brain or very close to it in case of pituitary.

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11
Q

what is the arterial supply for the hypothalamus?

A

circulus arteriosus cerebri

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12
Q

what is the venous drainage for the hypothalamus?

A

cavernous venous sinus

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13
Q

(released by neurohypophysis)
hypothalamic hormones enclosed in vesicles that move down axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the posterior ____ ____

A

pituitary’s capillaries

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14
Q

(released by neurohypophysis

in response to an action potential - hormones are released from vesicles, in this case into ______ _____

A

venous capillaries

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15
Q

______ and ______ are manufactured in the hypothalamus, but released in the posterior pituitary.

A

oxytocin; vasopressin

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16
Q

(released by adenohypophysis)
hypothalamic hormones enclosed in vesicles that move down axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the ____ ____.

A

pituitary stalk

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17
Q

(released by adenohypophysis)

in response to an action potential- hormones are released from vesicles, in this case into the ____ ____ _____

A

pituitary portal system

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18
Q

a ____ ____ effects control over the secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone;

A

hypothalamic hormone

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19
Q

the corresponding anterior pituitary hormone controls secretion of the hormone of another ____ ____; and

A

endocrine gland

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20
Q

_____ ____ secretion of this gland effects other target tissues/organs.

A

endocrine gland

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21
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

initiates labor
stimulates mammary glands to release milk
stimulates uterine contractions in activités other than labor

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22
Q

what is the function of vasopressin?

A

decreases urines output by increasing DCT and collecting duct permeability

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23
Q

what is the function releasing hormone?

A

stimulates release of anterior pituitary hormones

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24
Q

what is the function of inhibiting hormones?

A

inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones

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25
the function of growth hormone (GH)?
regulates growth; affects protein, fat , and carbohydrate metabolism
26
what is the function thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
controls secretion of thyroxine
27
what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
controls secretion of hormones released by adrenal cortex
28
what is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
in females, stimulates maturation of egg cells; in males, stimulates nurse cells for sperm maturation.
29
what is the function lutenizing hormone (LH)?
in males, stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes; in females; stimulates release of ovum by ovary.
30
what is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
along with ACTH, affects pigment release in skin
31
what is the function of prolactin (PRL)?
stimulates milk production
32
what is the location and development of the pineal gland?
outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon, found near the posterior margin of the corpus callosum.
33
what is the arterial supply of the pineal gland?
circulus arteriosus cerebri
34
what is the the venous drainage of the pineal gland?
cavernous venous sinus
35
what hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
melatonin
36
what is the function of melatonin?
amino acid derivative thought to have connection with regulating sleep cycle
37
what is the location of the thymus gland?
located deep to sternum and just ventral to great vessels of heart.
38
what is the development of the thymus gland?
from epithelial cells derived from endoderm of third pair of visceral pouches
39
what is the innervation of the thymus gland?
vagus nerve (X)
40
what is the arterial supply of the thymus gland?
branches from internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian)
41
what is the venous drainage of the thymus gland?
thymic veins to brachiocephlic vein
42
what is the function of thymosin, thymus humeral factor, thymopoietin?
convert embryonic lymphocytes into T-cells
43
what is the location of the thyroid gland?
located close to thyroid cartilage.
44
what is the development of the thyroid gland?
first endocrine gland to appear during development.
45
what is the innervation of the thyroid gland?
vagus nerve (X)
46
what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?
superior inferior thyroid arteries
47
what is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins.
48
what are the hormones produced from the thyroid gland?
thryroxin; calcitonin
49
what is the function of thyroxin?
regulates rate of metabolism
50
what is the function of calcitonin?
decreases levels of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoclasts.
51
what is the location of the parathyroid gland?
- usually paired | - very small, paired on the outer surface of thyroid gland
52
what is the development of the parathyroid gland?
like thyroid gland, develop from endodermal thickening in floor of early pharynx and epithelium of 3rd and 4th gill slit pouches.
53
what is the hormone produced from the parathyroid gland?
parathyroid hormone
54
what is the function of the parathyroid hormone?
raises the level of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoblasts and promoting osteoclasts
55
what is the location of the adrenal gland?
on cranial (superior) surface of kidney
56
what is the development of the adrenal gland?
adrenal cortex - mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall. | adrenal medulla - neural crest cells that are derived from adjacent sympathetic
57
what is the arterial supply for the adrenal gland?
adrenal arteries
58
what is the venous drainage for the adrenal gland?
adrenal veins
59
________- regulate sodium retention and potassium loss.
mineralocticoids
60
________- act as anti-inflammatory agents; affect metabolism of food.
glucocorticoids
61
______- regulates control over rapid growth spurts in preadolescents.
androgens
62
______ - increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenaline
63
______ - constricts arterioles
noradrenaline
64
what is the location of the pancreas?
inside notch of duodenum; retroperitoneal
65
what is the development of the pancreas?
diverticulum of embryonic foregut.
66
what is the sympathetic innervation of the pancreas?
greater splanchnic nerve
67
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the pancreas?
vagus nerve
68
what is arterial supply pancreas?
pancreaticoduodenal arteries
69
what is the venous drainage of the pancreas?
pancreaticoduodenal vein
70
what is the function of the pancreas?
pancreas is not only an exocrine gland for digestion
71
what hormones are produced from the pancreas?
glucagon and insulin
72
_____ - from alpha cells of pancreatic islets, raises blood glucose level
glucagon
73
______- from beta cells of pancreatic islets, lowers blood glucose level.
insulin
74
what is the location of the ovary?
near kidneys, anchored by fallopian tubes to uterus
75
what is the development of the ovary?
intermediate mesoderm
76
what is the sympathetic innervation of the ovary?
similar to hind gut, level T12, follows least splanchnic nerve
77
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the ovary?
sacral outflow
78
what is the arterial supply for the ovary?
ovarian artery, branch of abdominal aorta
79
what is the venous drainage for the ovary?
ovarian vein, dump into inferior vena cava
80
what is the function of the ovary?
ovaries produce ova in regular cycle determined by hormonal secretions.
81
______ - stimulate development of female sex organs and sexual characteristics
estrogens
82
_____ + ______ - regulate menstrual cycle; maintain pregnancy in presence of developing embryo or fetus
progesterone ; estrogens
83
_____ - responsible for sperm production and synthesis of male sex hormones
testes
84
what is the location of the testes?
in postnatal males, in scrotal sac, connected to inner workings of body by spermatic cord.
85
as transitory stage of kidney degenerates, a ligament called the ______ descends on each side of abdomen from inferior pole of gonad
gubernaculum
86
what is the sympathetic innervation for the testes?
T10-T12
87
what is the parasympathetic innervation for the testes?
sacral outflow
88
what is the arterial supply for the testes?
testicular artery
89
what is the venous drainage for the testes?
testicular vein
90
_______ - stimulate development of male sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and behavioral features.
testosterone

Bio 224 Lecture (15 decks)

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