Lecture 12: Excretory System

Question 1

pelvic gridle is suturally attached to axial skeleton to facilitate transmission of locomotor energy generated by ____ to rest of body.

Answer 1

legs

Question 2

where in the body does the sciatic nerve exit the body?

Answer 2

exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen

Question 3

ligament running from sacrum to ischial tuberosity is _________ ______. its presence closes off lesser sciatic notch to become lesser sciatic foramen.

Answer 3

sacrotuberous ligament

Question 4

ligament running from sacrum to ischial spine is _______ ______. its presence closes off greater sciatic notch to become greater sciatic foramen.

Answer 4

sacrospinous ligament

Question 5

_____ _____ is covered over by obturator membrane. smaller foramen is left.

Answer 5

obturator foramen

Question 6

from the sacrospinous ligament, its presence closes off greater sciatic notch to become ____ ____ ____.

Answer 6

greater sciatic foramen

Question 7

from the sacrotuberous ligament, its presence closes off lesser sciatic notch to become _____ _____ _____

Answer 7

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 8

what are the three layers of the perineal musculature?

Answer 8

1. external layer
2. middle layer
3. deep layer

Question 9

Perineal musculature is ______ musculature.

Answer 9

hypaxial

Question 10

of the perineal musculature the external layer is of ?

Answer 10

urogenital diaphragm

Question 11

of the perineal musculature the middle layer is of?

Answer 11

pelvic diaphragm

Question 12

of the perineal musculature the deep layer consists of?

Answer 12

transversalis fascia

Question 13

____ ______ _____ lies internal to deepest layer (transversalis fascia)

Answer 13

deep perineal space

Question 14

_____ ____ lies between urogenital diaphragm and pelvic diaphragm.

Answer 14

ischiorectal fossa

Question 15

_____ _____ ____ is between urogenital diaphragm and superficial fascia plus skin.

Answer 15

superficial perineal space

Question 16

terminal end of the internal iliac artery was the fetal ____ ____

Answer 16

umbilical artery

Question 17

kidneys derived from _____ _____

Answer 17

intermediate mesoderm

Question 18

kidney starts out as a _____ ____

Answer 18

segmental structure

Question 19

bladder, as part of embryonic gut tube:

Answer 19

linning derived from endoderm

Question 20

earliest kidney appears in the ____ region of the body, called the _______. develop very close to the gonads.

Answer 20

cervical; pronephros

Question 21

the pronephros; functions to _____ _____ of middle segments of intermediate mesoderm into the mesonephros.

Answer 21

induce development

Question 22

after the mesonephric duct attaches to cloaca, the embryonic ______ grows from caudal to cranial to attach to mass of metanephric kidney.

Answer 22

ureter

Question 23

a septum, the _____ ____, gross between the more dorsal part of the gut tube and the more ventral part that will become the bladder.

Answer 23

urorectal septum

Question 24

so, like the heart, and the lungs, the _____ is ventral to your gut tube.

Answer 24

bladder

Question 25

kidneys don’t stay at ___ ___ of body.

Answer 25

caudal end

Question 26

kidneys “ascend” to a position just caudal to _____ and ____.

Answer 26

diaphragm;liver

Question 27

____ ____ is a bit lower due to mass of liver.

Answer 27

right kidney

Question 28

kidneys work their way up by attaching to successive _____ ______.

Answer 28

segmental arteries

Question 29

for the basic kidney structure___ ___ usually ventral to ureter exit.

Answer 29

large vessels

Question 30

kidneys are _________, they move a reasonable amount when you breathe, this can really hurt when you have a problem.

Answer 30

retroperitoneal

Question 31

the outer portion of the kidney is called _____

Answer 31

cortex

Question 32

the inner portion of the kidney is called ____

Answer 32

medulla

Question 33

kidney drainage begins with microscopic collecting tubules in the ______.

Answer 33

medulla

Question 34

microscopic collecting tubules empty from medulla into ______ _____.

Answer 34

minor calyces

Question 35

minor calyces coalesce and empty into _____ _____.

Answer 35

major calyces

Question 36

major calyces coalesce and empty into a single, large, central collecting bowl, the _____ ____.

Answer 36

renal pelvis

Question 37

the renal pelvis is in turn drained by the ______

Answer 37

ureter

Question 38

ureter runs from the kidneys to the ____ _____.

Answer 38

urinary bladder

Question 39

what are the 4 structures of the bladder?

Answer 39

left and right ureters
urethra
vestigial urachus

Question 40

the bladder is lined by a special type of epithelium: ____ ____

Answer 40

transitional epithelium

Question 41

the triangle defined by the connection of the two ureters and the exit of the urethra is not elastic. it is known as the ___ ___ ____ _____.

Answer 41

trigone of the bladder

Question 42

for the ureter attachment, there is no valve, but this passive closing prevents urine from backing up into the _____

Answer 42

kidneys

Question 43

renal arteries are?

Answer 43

branches of descending aorta.

Question 44

kidneys drained by ____ ___ which dump into inferior vena cava.

Answer 44

renal veins

Question 45

what is the sympathetic innervation?

Answer 45

T5-T9 and T10-T11; synapse in nearby celiac ganglion

Question 46

what is the sympathetic function of kidneys?

Answer 46

may constrict blood flow to kidneys, decreasing overall kidney output.

Question 47

what is the parasympathetic innervation for kidneys?

Answer 47

vagus nerve, synapse on target organ

Question 48

what is the parasympathetic function of kidneys?

Answer 48

may increase blood flow to kidneys, increasing kidney filtration function, but autonomics play a reduced role and hormonal control is more important

Question 49

what is the sympathetic innervation of the bladder?

Answer 49

T12-L2. lumbar splanchnic nerves, synapsing in inferior mesenteric plexus, leading to hypogastric plexus

Question 50

what is the sympathetic function of the bladder?

Answer 50

inhibit constriction of muscular wall of bladder (detrusor), contract sphincters

Question 51

what is the parasympathetic function of the bladder?

Answer 51

stimulate constriction of muscular wall of bladder, relax sphincters.

Question 52

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder?

Answer 52

S2-4. pelvic nerve. Synapse right on bladder wall.