Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 224 Lecture > lecture 11: metabolism and nutrition (digestive structures and their functional roles) > Flashcards

lecture 11: metabolism and nutrition (digestive structures and their functional roles) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do nutrients do?

A
  • provide energy
  • form new body components
  • assist in various physiological functions/processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. minerals
  5. vitamins
  6. water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all chemicals reactions that occur in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is anabolism?

A

combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are enzymes?

A

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sugars, primary one used by body is _____.

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stored in body as long chains (polysaccharides) called _______ in liver and muscle cells.

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are monosaccharides (short)?

A

carbohydrates from fruit and sugar cane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

carbohydrates from grains and vegetables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glucose is a preferred from of?

A

sugar for the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

surplus glucose is then converted to?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

surplus glycogen converted to triglycerides and stored in?

A

adipose (fat) tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are lipids?

A

many hydrogen bond, so there is a lot of stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lipids are used for?

A

long-term storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does triglycerides do?

A

storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

cell membranes, myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are steroids (e.g. cholesterol)?

A

modified to become hormones and bile secretions (from liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is the excess lipids stored?

A

excess stored in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do proteins functions?

A

structural, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

proteins are made up of?

A

amino acids (20 types)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

during digestion, broken down to individual _____ ___.

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

liver can convert excess amino acids to __________.

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

large excess of _____ ____ lost in urine.

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic nutrients required in small amounts

27
Q

what two minerals are need for the body?

A
  • macro-minerals

- micro-minerals

28
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic nutrients required in small amounts

29
Q

what do vitamins do not do?

A

do not provide energy or building materials, but act as co-enzymes (necessary for enzyme functions)

30
Q

what happens with fat soluble vitamins?

A

absorbed with lipids in small intestine; can be stored in cells

31
Q

what happens with water soluble vitamins?

A

absorbed with water in large intestine; excess excreted in urine, not stored

32
Q

what does metabolism do?

A

sum roe of all cellular activities that maintain the body

33
Q

what happens with digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones

34
Q

what happens during absorption?

A

its a process by which there (resulting) molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation

35
Q

what is the mount known for?

A

the initial mechanical and chemical digestion

36
Q

why is there a separation between the nasal pharynx and oral pharynx?

A

the separation allows breathing while chewing

37
Q

______: chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII)

A

mechanical digestion

38
Q

_______ _____: salivary amylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) - starch breakdown

A

chemical digestion

39
Q

______: little or none (except for alcohol!)

A

absorption

40
Q

detail on teeth: how many incisors do we have and what are they primarily for?

A

4; tearing and nipping

41
Q

detail on teeth: how many canines do we have and what are they primarily used for?

A

2; slashing, tearing, shearing, biting

42
Q

detail on teeth: how many premolars do we have and what are they primarily used for?

A

4; larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding

43
Q

deatial on teeth: how many molars do we have and what are they primarily used for?

A

6; even larger grinding teeth

44
Q

what and where is the esophagus?

A

upper portion is lined by striated muscle (not smooth) important for passage of food, but .. no chemical or mechanical digestion.

45
Q

______: wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube.

A

peristalsis

46
Q

after the esophagus and peristalsis takes place it then empties into stomach at ______ _____.

A

cardiac sphincter

47
Q

what are the stomachs main functions?

A
  1. storage
  2. preparation of food before is moves to small intestine
  3. testing area in case of “poisonous ingestion”
  4. not an absorptive structure
48
Q

in the stomach where is the mechanical digestion located?

A

the inner surface derived from endoderm. three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.

49
Q

_____: folds on internal surface of stomach

A

rugae

50
Q

what is the primary gastric secretion?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCI) from parietal cells

51
Q

_____: lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCI.

A

mucous

52
Q

food and secretions together are called _____.

A

chyme

53
Q

what happens in the small intestine and what is it made of?

A
  1. most of the absorption of nutrients and water
  2. complete/ finish chemical digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
  3. duodenum, jejunum, ileum
54
Q

what dumping is goring through the duodenum what happens next?

A

glands dumping into the duodenum via common bile duct:

  1. liver via bile duct
  2. products stored in gall bladder via cystic duct
  3. pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via pancreatic duct)
55
Q

what happens in the liver?

A

detoxification
glycogen storage
1. bile secretion - bile is extremely alkaline
2. neutralizes acidic material passed from stomach to duodenum
3. aids in fat breakdown

56
Q

what happens in the gall bladder?

A
  • gall bladder acts as a storage awaiting food passage

- passes bile to common bile duct via cystic duct

57
Q

what are the three pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. pancreatic lipase
  2. pancreatic amylase
  3. pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
58
Q

_____: internal folds of small intestine.

A

plicae circulares

59
Q

___: tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area.

A

vili

60
Q

_____ ____: clefts between vili

A

intestinal glands

61
Q

_______: physical breakdown of lipid particles, primarily a function of the bile.

A

emulsification

62
Q

_____: trypsin and other enzymes finish breaking proteins to shorter polypetides.

A

protein digestion

63
Q

________- process of expelling feces from terminal end of gut tube.

A

defecation

Bio 224 Lecture (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions