lecture 11: metabolism and nutrition (digestive structures and their functional roles)

Question 1

what do nutrients do?

Answer 1

• provide energy
• form new body components
• assist in various physiological functions/processes

Question 2

what are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Answer 2

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. minerals
5. vitamins
6. water

Question 3

what is metabolism?

Answer 3

all chemicals reactions that occur in the body

Question 4

what is anabolism?

Answer 4

combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

Question 5

what is catabolism?

Answer 5

breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy.

Question 6

what are enzymes?

Answer 6

proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Question 7

what are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 7

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 8

sugars, primary one used by body is _____.

Answer 8

glucose

Question 9

stored in body as long chains (polysaccharides) called _______ in liver and muscle cells.

Answer 9

glycogen

Question 10

what are monosaccharides (short)?

Answer 10

carbohydrates from fruit and sugar cane.

Question 11

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 11

carbohydrates from grains and vegetables.

Question 12

glucose is a preferred from of?

Answer 12

sugar for the body

Question 13

surplus glucose is then converted to?

Answer 13

glycogen

Question 14

surplus glycogen converted to triglycerides and stored in?

Answer 14

adipose (fat) tissue

Question 15

what are lipids?

Answer 15

many hydrogen bond, so there is a lot of stored energy

Question 16

lipids are used for?

Answer 16

long-term storage

Question 17

what does triglycerides do?

Answer 17

storage

Question 18

what are phospholipids?

Answer 18

cell membranes, myelin sheaths

Question 19

what are steroids (e.g. cholesterol)?

Answer 19

modified to become hormones and bile secretions (from liver)

Question 20

where is the excess lipids stored?

Answer 20

excess stored in adipose tissue

Question 21

how do proteins functions?

Answer 21

structural, transport, cell movement, enzymes, specialized functions such as hemoglobin

Question 22

proteins are made up of?

Answer 22

amino acids (20 types)

Question 23

during digestion, broken down to individual _____ ___.

Answer 23

amino acids

Question 24

liver can convert excess amino acids to __________.

Answer 24

triglycerides

Question 25

large excess of _____ ____ lost in urine.

Answer 25

amino acids

Question 26

what are minerals?

Answer 26

inorganic nutrients required in small amounts

Question 27

what two minerals are need for the body?

Answer 27

- macro-minerals | - micro-minerals

Question 28

what are vitamins?

Answer 28

organic nutrients required in small amounts

Question 29

what do vitamins do not do?

Answer 29

do not provide energy or building materials, but act as co-enzymes (necessary for enzyme functions)

Question 30

what happens with fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 30

absorbed with lipids in small intestine; can be stored in cells

Question 31

what happens with water soluble vitamins?

Answer 31

absorbed with water in large intestine; excess excreted in urine, not stored

Question 32

what does metabolism do?

Answer 32

sum roe of all cellular activities that maintain the body

Question 33

what happens with digestion?

Answer 33

mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones

Question 34

what happens during absorption?

Answer 34

its a process by which there (resulting) molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation

Question 35

what is the mount known for?

Answer 35

the initial mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 36

why is there a separation between the nasal pharynx and oral pharynx?

Answer 36

the separation allows breathing while chewing

Question 37

______: chewing (teeth), manipulation of food by muscles of mastication (V3), buccinator (VII), and tongue (XII)

Answer 37

mechanical digestion

Question 38

_______ _____: salivary amylase (initial carbohydrate breakdown) - starch breakdown

Answer 38

chemical digestion

Question 39

______: little or none (except for alcohol!)

Answer 39

absorption

Question 40

detail on teeth: how many incisors do we have and what are they primarily for?

Answer 40

4; tearing and nipping

Question 41

detail on teeth: how many canines do we have and what are they primarily used for?

Answer 41

2; slashing, tearing, shearing, biting

Question 42

detail on teeth: how many premolars do we have and what are they primarily used for?

Answer 42

4; larger, complexly surfaced, for chewing and grinding

Question 43

deatial on teeth: how many molars do we have and what are they primarily used for?

Answer 43

6; even larger grinding teeth

Question 44

what and where is the esophagus?

Answer 44

upper portion is lined by striated muscle (not smooth) important for passage of food, but .. no chemical or mechanical digestion.

Question 45

______: wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube.

Answer 45

peristalsis

Question 46

after the esophagus and peristalsis takes place it then empties into stomach at ______ _____.

Answer 46

cardiac sphincter

Question 47

what are the stomachs main functions?

Answer 47

1. storage 2. preparation of food before is moves to small intestine 3. testing area in case of "poisonous ingestion" 4. not an absorptive structure

Question 48

in the stomach where is the mechanical digestion located?

Answer 48

the inner surface derived from endoderm. three layers of smooth muscle (derived from mesoderm) to churn/mix food. breaks food down and mixes with gastric secretions.

Question 49

_____: folds on internal surface of stomach

Answer 49

rugae

Question 50

what is the primary gastric secretion?

Answer 50

hydrochloric acid (HCI) from parietal cells

Question 51

_____: lubricates food, protects stomach lining from HCI.

Answer 51

mucous

Question 52

food and secretions together are called _____.

Answer 52

chyme

Question 53

what happens in the small intestine and what is it made of?

Answer 53

1. most of the absorption of nutrients and water 2. complete/ finish chemical digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats 3. duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 54

what dumping is goring through the duodenum what happens next?

Answer 54

glands dumping into the duodenum via common bile duct: 1. liver via bile duct 2. products stored in gall bladder via cystic duct 3. pancreas (usually directly into duodenum via pancreatic duct)

Question 55

what happens in the liver?

Answer 55

detoxification glycogen storage 1. bile secretion - bile is extremely alkaline 2. neutralizes acidic material passed from stomach to duodenum 3. aids in fat breakdown

Question 56

what happens in the gall bladder?

Answer 56

- gall bladder acts as a storage awaiting food passage | - passes bile to common bile duct via cystic duct

Question 57

what are the three pancreatic enzymes?

Answer 57

1. pancreatic lipase 2. pancreatic amylase 3. pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

Question 58

_____: internal folds of small intestine.

Answer 58

plicae circulares

Question 59

___: tall, pillar-like bumps arise from internal surface to increase surface area.

Answer 59

vili

Question 60

_____ ____: clefts between vili

Answer 60

intestinal glands

Question 61

_______: physical breakdown of lipid particles, primarily a function of the bile.

Answer 61

emulsification

Question 62

_____: trypsin and other enzymes finish breaking proteins to shorter polypetides.

Answer 62

protein digestion

Question 63

________- process of expelling feces from terminal end of gut tube.

Answer 63

defecation