Lecture 14 - Gambling Addiction Flashcards
Talk about the gambling in history
- mainly done by the aristocracy
- generally frowned upon eventually
What % of suicides are related to gambling?
1.7%
Define Gambling?
Risking item of value on outcome of events determined by chance (although some skill may be involved)
Define problem gambling?
Personal or social harm resulting from excessive gambling behaviour
Pathological Gambling/Gambling Disorder: Meeting DSM criteria
Why do people gamble?
- excitement generated by uncertainty
- hope of winning large to enhance lifestyle
- fun in a social context
Provide 4 reasons why people persist to gamble?
- hope to recoup losses (chasing)
- emotional escape
- satisfy emotion needs (narcissism, ego)
- manage dysfunctional affective states (depression, anxiety)
Outline the global resurgence of gambling legislation since 1960s…
- USA 1968: New Hampshire lotteries: Gambling in 49 States
- Australia 1973: Casinos: EGMs in hotels & all States
- Britain: 1978 Royal Commission into Gambling
- Europe: 1990s
- Asia: 2000s – Macao, Singapore, Vietnam
- 2000s: Technological advances leading to Internet & mobile interactive forms
What are the 3 ‘pathways’ according to the Pathway theory?
Pathway 1: behaviourally conditioned problem gamblers
Pathway 2: ‘Emotionally vulnerable’ problem gamblers
Pathway 3: Biologically based/antisocial-impulsive problem gamblers
FIX CARD
What are the co-morbitities?
According to National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler et al, 2008)
Of those with PG, their risk of co-morbid:
- Substance use disorder increased by 5.5 times (30-40% alcohol abuse/dependence)(partly because environment - gambling venues often have grog)
- Mood disorder increased by 3.7 times (75% dep.)
- Anxiety disorder increased 3.1 times (40% anx.)
› Cause – effect relationship (goes both ways depending on the case)
BUT
- Pathological gambling preceded co-morbid condition in 23% of cases
What are the general demographic features of gamblers?
vicarious learning through the media.
partly related to depression and loneliness etc. (reason for female bimodal, after marriage)
› Age:
- Adolescence & young adults
- Age at onset predictive of gambling disorder
- Average age of onset = 12 – 15 yrs. (90% begin before age 20)
- Females bimodal distribution: youth & > 45 yrs.
- Average age seeking treatment = 35-39 yrs.
› Male gender
- Impulsivity, substance use, risk-taking behaviours
What is pathological gambling classified as in the DSM-IV?
‘impulse control disorder (ICD)’
alongside:
- Kleptomania (compulsive shoplifting)
- Pyromania (compulsive fire-setting)
- Trichotillomania (compulsive hair-pulling)
- Intermittent explosive PD
as sense of something, gratification and remorse after
Implications for DSM-5: ‘Non-Substance Related Behavioural Addictions?’
- Increase in other appetitive behaviours labelled “behavioural addictions”
- Smartphone addiction
- Gym addiction
- Dance addiction
- Water addiction
- IVF addiction
- Knitting addiction
What is Criterion A for problem gamblers?
(Requires 4+)
- Preoccupation (psychological dependence)
- Increased amount gambled (tolerance)
- Irritability/restlessness on cessation (withdrawal)
- Escape from stress (negative reinforcement & motivation)
- Chasing losses (erroneous & distorted cognitions)
- Lying
- Repeated failure to cease (impaired control)
- Illegal acts? (REMOVED from 5 (but in 3,4) because did not have enough discriminatory power)
- Risked significant relationships
- Bailout
Gambling disorder: Staging (Custer, 1984)
Describe early winning phase
2/3 of pathological gamblers experience large wins prior to developing problems
Facilitative cognitions (e.g., “I can win the casino” “This is easy”)
Gambling becomes a stronger influence on mood than other activities (i.e., increased affective salience)
Increased frequency & intensity
Gambling disorder: Staging (Custer, 1984)
Describe losing phase
Heightened preoccupation with gambling
Growing losses & attempts to recoup (‘chasing losses’) Increased stress, irritability, withdrawal
