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Medical Microbiology 1-15 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Enumerate five traits that Ethylene oxides possesses.

A

1-An effective sterilizing agent
2-boils at 10.8 degrees celsius
3-Can be used as gas or liquid
4-Very penetrating. Can sterilize barrels of spices without opening the barrels.

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2
Q

True or false. Pure ethylene oxide is explosive, therefore it must be mixed with carbon or other diluents.

A

True

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3
Q

What is Carboxide made of (in %).

A

10% ethylene oxide

90% carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is Oxyfume made of in %

A

20% ethylene oxide

80% Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Ethylene oxide is an alkylating agent? Define alkylating agent.

A

It alters structural and enzymatic components of the cell.

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6
Q

What is ethylene oxide used to sterilize in the medical field?

A

Heart pumps, respiratory equipments, intravenous catheters.

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7
Q

Name one disadvantage of using ethylene oxide.

A

It’s time consuming (4-12 hours).

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8
Q

True or false, like ethylene oxide, beta-propiolactone is also a alkylating agent.

A

True.

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9
Q

Describe the look and scent of beta-propiolactone

A

Colourless liquid with a sweet irritating odour.

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10
Q

What is beta-propiolactone used for in terms of sterilization

A

To sterilize bones, cartilage and artery grafts.

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11
Q

True or false, you can use propiolactone to fumigate.

A

True

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12
Q

True or false. Glutaraldehyde is not an alkylating agent.

A

False. It is.

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13
Q

True or false. Glutaraldehyde is used on inanimate objects?

A

True

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14
Q

How long must the exposure time be for glutaradehyde to kill endospores?

A

10 hours.

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15
Q

Name the three of the halogens

A

1: Chlorine
2: Iodine
3: Bromine

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16
Q

Which are the best bacterial agents?

A

Chlorine, Iodine and bromine.

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17
Q

Why is bromine rarely used?

A

Due to it’s toxicity and cost.

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18
Q

Why is the fourth halogen, fluorine, not used?

A

It’s so highly reactive.

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19
Q

True or false. The mechanism of action of the halogens is oxidation.

A

True

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20
Q

Name three ways in which chlorine is used a a disinfectant. Give an example for each.

A

1: Chlorine gas. Swimming pools
2: Calcium hypochlorite (chlorite of lime) and sodium hypochlorite. Laundry bleach and disinfecting restaurant utensils.
3: Organic compound of chlorine. Azochloramide, monochloramide and Chloramine-T

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21
Q

Name two things that tincture of iodine is used to disinfect.

A

1: cuts
2: prepare the skin for surgery

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22
Q

How should the tincture of iodine be applied to the skin to avoid burn.

A

Applied in one coat, let dry and covered with gauze.

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23
Q

Name three examples of disinfection solutions available to use.

A

1: Aqueous solution iodine
2: 2% iodine in 70% alcohol
3: Aqueos solutions with tensions reducers such as Wescodyne, Ionclide,Betadine.

24
Q

True or false. Some heavy metals, even at low levels can stimulate microbial growth.

A

True.

25
Q

Name two metals that are not stimulants of microbial growth and that can be used as disinfectant.

A

Mercury and silver.

26
Q

Name four forms of mercury that have been used as disinfectant.

A

1: Dichloride of mercury (can be irritating to the skin)
2: Organic compounds of mercury. Ex: mercurochrome. Skin antiseptics
3: Silver nitrate. Most used as a drop in baby newborns to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia.
4: Organic compound of silver. This is used at a 5-20% aqueous solution so it’s not irritating.

27
Q

True or false. Quaternary ammonium compounds are those that are ammonium halides in which the hydrogen have been replaced by alkyl groups.

A

True

28
Q

True or false. Most household detergents are surface tension reducers. They are able to emulsify lipids (grease).

A

True

29
Q

Name the three types of detergents and define them.

A

1: Anionic. negatively charged ex are soaps
2: Nonionic: not charged ex. tween 80
3: Cationic. positively charged.

30
Q

The quaternary ammoniums compounds are what type of detergents and give examples.

A

Cationic, Zephrian, eepryn, Phemerol Chloride, Diaparene Chloride, CTAB and Roccal.

31
Q

How are detergents have both detergent and disinfectant properties?

A

They combine a disinfectant and a surface tension reducer.

32
Q

Describe why household soap is a good cleaning agent.

A

They are a powerful surface tension reducer. They effectively emulsify fats and oils, and thus removes bacteria from oily surfaces.

33
Q

What fragile bacteria may get killed by ordinary soaps?

A

Gonococcus, Meningococcus, pneumococcus.

34
Q

What is a widely used skin and instrument disinfectant called?

A

Ethyl alcohol

35
Q

True or false. Ethanol is a disinfectant as it kills endospores.

A

False. It does not kill endospores.

36
Q

What is ethanol’s mechanism of action?
a )denaturation
b) water
c) air

A

a) denaturation

37
Q

What aids the denaturation process in ethanol?

A

water

38
Q

True or false? Would the application of ethanol to the skin post injection or withdrawal of blood disinfect? Elaborate.

A

False. The contact time is too short.

39
Q

Enumerate the steps to follow to properly disinfect the skin prior to injection.

A

i: swab the area with ethanol to remove dirt and organic material.
ii. swab the area with 2% iodine alcohol
iii. swab the area with ethanol to remove residual iodine.

40
Q

How should thermometers be disinfected?

A

Washed with soap and water then immersed in 70% ethanol for 10 mins.

41
Q

What is known to:

i. be rubbing alcohol
ii. sold as a 70% solution for disinfection
iii. as effective as ethanol and less expensive.

A

Isopropyl

42
Q

List the two phenol derivatives.

A

Cresols and Bis phenol

43
Q

Define cresols.

A

They are like phenol but with methyl groups attached.

44
Q

Define Bis-phenols.

A

two phenol groups or phenol derivative joined or via another group. Ex. Lysol

45
Q

What two soaps are a combination of hexachlorophene with soap.

A

1: pHisohex
2: pHisoderm

46
Q

What is a phenol 5% disinfectant?

A

An efficient bactericide, but irritating to animal tissues.

47
Q

Hexachlorophene has been proven to be dangerous if used over a long period of time as it gets absorbed by the skin and into the blood stream. Newborn are not to be washed in it. What are considered high levels measured in the blood stream?

A

0.38 ppm

48
Q

Hydrogen peroxyde (H2O2) is used as a __ solution?

A

3%

49
Q

Catalase catalyses this reaction

A

H2O2—-H2O + 1/2O2

50
Q

The release of ___ is accounted for the foaming when the hydrogen is introduced in the mouth or open wounds.

A

oxygen

51
Q

True or false. Hydrogen peroxyde is used to clean deep wounds.

A

True

52
Q

Formalin is a __ - __% aqueous solution of formaldehyde.

A

37-40%

53
Q

True or false. Formalin is not usually used a disinfectant but a preservative in laboratories with an irritating odour and irritating to the skin.

A

True.

54
Q

True or false. Formaldehyde is bactericidal, fungicidal and sporocidal making it a great disinfectant?

A

False. it’s too irritating.

55
Q

True or false. Pine oil is used to wash floors, bathrooms and homes. It has a good disinfectant property and a pleasant odour.

A

True.

Medical Microbiology 1-15 (15 decks)

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