Lecture 1

Question 1

What are considered microorganisms?

Answer 1

Bacteria, yeast, mold, protozoa and viruses.

Question 2

What are yeast and mold considered together?

Answer 2

Fungi

Question 3

What types of organisms are the procaryotic cells the unit of structure for?

Answer 3

Bacteria

Question 4

What type of organisms are the eukaryotic cells the unit of structure for?

Answer 4

Plants, animals, fungi, algae and protozoa.

Question 5

Which of the two cells are considered less highly developed and more primitive?

Answer 5

Procaryotes

Question 6

What type of cells are viruses considered to be?

Answer 6

Acellular- neither procaryotic nor eucaryotic

Question 7

Where is the Nuclear body in the procaryotic cell

Answer 7

There is no nuclear membrane in the procaryotic cell

Question 8

Where is the nuclear body in the eucaryotic cell?

Answer 8

In the nuclear membrane

Question 9

What are the chromosome arrangement for both the procaryotic and euracyotic cell

Answer 9

The procaryotic cells have single chromosomes with absent histones and the eucaryotic cells have two or more chromosomes where the histones are also absent.

Question 10

Explain the respiratory system for both the procaryotic and eucaryotic cell.

Answer 10

In the procaryotic cell, it takes place in the cytoplasmic membrane. The mitochondria does not exist. The eukaryotic cell- in the mitochondria.

Question 11

Where does the photosynthetic system happen in both the procaryotic and eucaryotic cell?

Answer 11

in the eucaryotic cells, it occurs in chloroplast. There is no chloroplast in the procaryotic cells.

Question 12

Explain the differences of the cell wall for both the procaryotic cells and eucaryotic cells.

Answer 12

The procaryotic cell contains peptidoglycan (except the Archaebacteria) where as the eucaryotic does not contain it.

Question 13

What procaryotic cell does not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall?

Answer 13

Archaebacteria

Question 14

Which of the cells contains sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 14

Eucaryotic cells

Question 15

What cells contains Poly-beta-hydroxybutyruc acid?

Answer 15

Procaryotic cells

Question 16

What does the Mycoplasma species do with sterols.

Answer 16

They do not synthesis it- but rather incorporate it in the membrane from the medium.

Question 17

What does it mean to say that sterols are non-saponifiable fats?

Answer 17

They are not converted to fatty acids and glycerol by boiling alkali.

Question 18

What are the four categories that bacteria can be divided into?

Answer 18

1. Photosynthetic autotrophs (photolithotrophs).
2. Chemosynthetic autotrophs (chemolithotrophs.
3. Photosynthetic heterotrophs (photoorganotrophs.
4. Chemosynthetic heterotrophs.

Question 19

What is the source of energy and carbon of the photosynthetic autotrophs?

Answer 19

Energy is light and carbon is CO2.

Question 20

What is the source of energy and carbon of the chemosynthetic autotrophs?

Answer 20

Energy is inorganic compounds and carbon is CO2. Ex: Nitrosomonas species, Nitrobacter species ad Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Question 21

What is the source of energy and carbon of the Photosynthetic heterotrophs?

Answer 21

Algae Energy is light and carbon is organic compounds. ex: purple nonsulfur bacteria.

Question 22

What is the source of light and carbon of the chemosynthetic heterotrophs?

Answer 22

• Most bacteria, fungi and protozoa* Energy is organic compounds and carbon is organic compounds. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus ans Bacillus subtilis.

Question 23

What year what it proposed and by whom to recognize a third kingdom?

Answer 23

1866 by Haeckel. He named the third group Protista.

Question 24

What did this kingdom include?

Answer 24

Bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa.

Question 25

What distinction do the protists possess that the plants and animals don’t?

Answer 25

They are unicellular, coenocytic, multicellular without differentiation.

Question 26

What does coenocytic mean?

Answer 26

A term applied to filamentous forms having multinucleate cytoplasm. Growth applied without cell division.

Question 27

What year did Stanier divid the Protist group? And what were the two groups? Define what the two groups possessed.

Answer 27

Stanier in 1957- Lower protist (the procaryotic cells- bacteria) and the higher protists (the eukaryotic cells -fungi, algae and protozoa).

Question 28

What forms are bacteria and protozoa?

Answer 28

Unicellular

Question 29

What form is algae?

Answer 29

Coencyctic or multicellular

Question 30

What form is molds?

Answer 30

They are filamentous, multicellular (septate) or coenocytic (nonseptate).

Question 31

What form is yeast?

Answer 31

Unicellular or moldlike.

Question 32

Define mitochondria

Answer 32

Produces energy for the cell though cellular respiration.

Question 33

Define chloroplasts

Answer 33

To conduct photosynthesis, where the the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyl captures the sunlight energy and converts it into ATP and NADP while freeing O2. They are also responsible for fatty acid synthesis and amino acid synthesis.

Question 34

Structural formula of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

Answer 34

CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H

Question 35

Define histones

Answer 35

Found in the eukaryotic cells-they organize DNA stand into nucleosomes (due to their positive charge) and wrap them in the nucleus.

Question 36

Name the characteristics of a procaryotic cell

Answer 36

No nuclear membrane, single chromosome, no mitochondria, no chloroplast, contains peptidoglycan except Archaebacteria, lacks sterols and are asexual.

Question 37

Name the characteristics of a eucaryotic cell

Answer 37

Has nuclear membrane, 2 or more chromosomes, has mitochondria, has chloroplast for photosynthesis, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, contains sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane, asexual and sexual.