Lecture 13: Posterior Mediastinum

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the sinus venarum?

Question 9

Describe the texture of the auricales of the heart, how its divided and what this means;

Answer 9

Crista terminalis - Ridge that divides the smooth (not contractile) surface from the

Question 10

When it comes to the heart valves what is notable about their structure?

Question 11

What does JVP represent?

Answer 11

Atrial health because there is no valve to SVC when the atrium contract. (Second JVP blip is when ventricles contract)

Question 12

How many papillary muscles are there?

Question 13

What is notable about the septomarginal trabecula?

Question 14

What are two sources of pathological heart sounds?

Answer 14

Stenosis = turbulence when sufficiently fast flow passes

Regurgitation = turbulence (i.e forms small hole for backflow)

Question 15

Describe in anatomical terms where each of the heart sounds can be heard?

Answer 15

Aortic valve = Right second intercostal space

Pulmonary valve = left second intercostal space

Tricuspid valve = 5th left intercostal space

Mitral valve 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

Question 16

What forms the sympathetic trunk of the cardiac plexus? and what is its function?

Answer 16

T1-T5 = Symp trunk

Inc HR

Inc Inotropy

Inc BP

Vasodilation of coronaries

Question 17

What forms the parasympathetic bundle of the cardiac plexus? what is its function?

Answer 17

CN X = Vagus

Dec HR

Dec Inotropy

Vasoconstriction of coronary arteries.

Question 18

What structures are connected to the azygous vein and whats their role?

Answer 18

• Accessory hemizygous vein

and

• Hemizygous vein

They all give rise to subcostal veins

Question 19

What can the azygous system do?

Answer 19

Take over for when the IVC is damaged.

Question 20

If the aorta is damaged, what can take over?

Answer 20

1) Ant and Post intercostal art. + Internal thoracic art. (Chest covered)
2) Sup. gastric art and inf. gast art. (which anastomose)