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The Human Body > Lecture 13: Cell Cycle and Replication > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Cell Cycle and Replication Flashcards

1
Q

How many phases are in the cell cycle? Name them

A
  • there are four phases
  • Mitotic (M Phase)
  • Interphase (G1 Phase)
  • DNA synthesis (S Phase)
  • Cell growth (G2 Phase)
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2
Q

How can you roughly organize the cell cycle phases?

A

Into M Phase and Interphase (everything between cell division)

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3
Q

When one cell splits, what is the result called?

A

daughter cells

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4
Q

In how many stages of the cell cycle does cell division occur?

A

one

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5
Q

Describe G1 Phase

A

growth after being newly formed, emphasis on obtaining energy and forming protein.

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6
Q

What occurs often in the G1 Phase?

A

Lots of transcription and translation to make a lot of protein

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7
Q

Describe S Phase

A

Synthesis phase is when the full genome of the organism is copied

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8
Q

What do you call the copying of the genome?

A

Replication

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9
Q

Describe G2 Phase

A

Focuses on further growth and preparation for cell division and production of new organelles and proteins for mitosis

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10
Q

What happens in the M Phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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11
Q

Describe Mitosis and Cytokinesis (General)

A

when the cell actually splits its DNA copies along the cytosol between the cells

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12
Q

What is the G0 Phase?

A

a pause to the cell cycle, when they stop growing and just live

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13
Q

How much time can the cell stay in the G0 Phase? Give an example

A
  • they can stay there all of their life

- neurons

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14
Q

Is a cell in the G0 Phase alive?

A

yes, just not dividing anymore

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15
Q

How do you regulate the cell cycle?

A

with checkpoints

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16
Q

What do checkpoints in a cell ensure and what does it avoid?

A
  • ensures that it is ready for the next stage

- avoids mitosis without enough DNA, cytosol or organelles

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17
Q

What type of cell doesn’t care for the cell cycle?

A

Cancer cells

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18
Q

What is replication and what phase does it belong to in the cell cycle?

A
  • replicating DNA

- the S phase

19
Q

What is replication similar to?

A

Transcription, but on both strands at the same time

20
Q

What must always happen in replication?

A

there must be a permanent separation of two strands of DNA

21
Q

Is each new DNA molecule completely new?

A

No, they all have an old half and a new half

22
Q

How many steps are in replication? name them

A
  • there are two steps
  • Step 1: separating the two strands of DNA
  • Step 2: use both DNA strands as templates
23
Q

What does step 1 of replication do to the DNA strands?

A

a permanent separation

24
Q

What do the separation stretches create in replication?

A

The Replication Fork

25
Q

What is the major protein involved in step 2 of replication?

A

DNA Polymerase

26
Q

What does DNA Polymerase do in step 2 of replication?

A

It attaches to each strand and use it to produce the complimentary strand

27
Q

What are the strands referred to as in replication? Do they have a difference in speed?

A

Leading and lagging strands, the leading one is copied faster

28
Q

Is there only one protein involved in replication?

A

No, there are many

29
Q

When can errors occur?

A

during replication or during the life of the cell

30
Q

Can errors be passed on to offspring?

A

Yes, there is a chance, if the mutation is in the gamete

31
Q

What do you call an error in the genome?

A

Mutation

32
Q

Are all mutations fatal?

A

No, they can be unimportant to survival

33
Q

What is involved in DNA repair?

A

Proteins

that find mistakes, remove mistakes and then refill the removed nucleotides

34
Q

What happens if there isnt any repairs done?

A

genetic mutations arise

35
Q

How is the DNA normally organized?

A

uncondensed in the nucleus, a bundle of 46 DNA molecules

36
Q

Are the DNA copies identical? What are they called?

A

No, but they are very similar and are called homologous chromosome

37
Q

When do the chromosomes compact?

A

when cell division is about to begin

38
Q

When are the chromosomes clearly visible?

A

when the cell division is about to begin

39
Q

When do you have 92 DNA molecules in the nucleus?

A

after S phase

40
Q

how many chromosomes are there after S phase?

A

46

41
Q

What are the identical copies called after S phase?

A

sister chromatids

42
Q

How many chromosomes are in one X shaped structure seen in diagrams?

A

2

43
Q

Define the centromere and where it is located.

A

A region of a the chromosome where it can attach to its sister chromatid.

44
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

a protein that holds the centromere onto the cell’s microtubules

The Human Body (9 decks)

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