Lecture 13 - Carbon Capture and Storage Flashcards
How does CCS compare to solar and wind
much more critical for delivering two degrees but is less important in weaker scenarios
What did the commitee on climate change net zero report say on CCS
CCS is a necessity not an option
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What is CCS important for UK
aiming for net zero - therefore to compensate for CO NOx etc need net negative CO2
When does CCS play a role in climate change policies
smaller role than renewable to 2040 but is very significant increase from essentially zero CCS now, use to reduce the last percentage
What are the political issues with CCS
Countries like china which would benefit most from it, it doesnt make economical sense so dont do it
To what countries is CCS most useful
countries like the UK and China where they cannot afford to not use coal and gas
What is PACT
Pilot Scale Advanced Capture Technology
it is a leading internation test centre network to develop CCS
Where are the UKS CCUS Clusters (CO2 sources share transport and infracstructure
Scottish Cluster - Industry (Chemical Refining and Gas Processing)
Teeside Cluster (Chemical Fertilisers)
Mersyside
Humberside
South Wales
Have surrounding industry that could use the CO2
What are the main storage locations in the UK
Scottish Coast in the North Sea
Irish Sea
How would CCS best be setup
Right next to powerplant - post combustion unit to extract carbon straight away
CO2 storage example
Sleipner - natural gas rig - store 1Mt/yr CO2 in sandstone reservoir
What are the four types of carbon capture technology
Post combustion - competitive
Pre combustion
Oxyfuel
Industrial processes
From cost estimate what is most competitive CCS technology
Post combustion processes (also allows retrofit to existing stations)
Why is the Sask Power Boundary Dam unit so important
In canada, post combustion, first CCS power project in the world capturing 1Mt/yr, opened in 2014
What is Petra Nova
joint venture between NRG Energy and JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration, in 2017
Largest post combustion CCS project installed on existing coal fired power plant in the world
1.6Mt/yr 90% of emissions Texas
How would post combustion CCS work on a steam plant work
steam that would have been sent to LP is extracted and condensed to heat the solvent
LP turbine delivers less work to generator
10% less ouput for natural gas combined cycle
25% less output for high efficiency coal plant
What is the work lost on post combustion steam plant
wlost = h1 - h2 reduction on LP turbine work output
What is qpcc equal to
qpcc = h1 - h3 heat supplied to post combustion capture plant
Why is a heat pump not used in steam PCC plant instead of steam extraction
heat pump would required really high COP ~ 5 to be more efficient than steam extraction
What are the two engineering technologies for greenhouse gas removal from the air
BECCS
DACCS
What are DACS (or DACCS) and BECCS
Direct Air Capture and Bioenergy with CCS, capture CO2 for storage to offset fossil fuel emissions or for synthesis of hydrocarbon fuels using non fossil energy sources
What is BECCS
conventional CCS using biomass as the fuel - there are growing concerns for availability of biomass as scales required increase
Crops such as corn or switchgass take up CO2 from the atmosphere are they grow
crops burned in power plants
CO2 captured and sequested underground
What is DACS
CO2 removed from atmosphere as air passes through air filtering structures and is sequested underground
Draw a diagram of DACS
Ambient Air
Chemical Seperation
CO2 Utilisation
Draw a diagram of BECCS
CO2 from atmosphere Biological Storage Power Plant Chemical Seperation CO2 Utilisation
What is air capture
last resort can handle emissions from any source sets upper limit on CCS Assures feasibility of zero carbon scenarios encourages point source capture
How much energy does direct air capture take
only about twice the theoretical energy input of conventional CO2 capture from power plants
Thermodyanmics on your side
What is the issue with net zero CO2 emissions
Very financially expensive
Give examples of air capture processes
Carbon engineering air capture process
Climeworks air capture process
Global thermostat air capture process
Center for negative carbon emissions
Draw a diagram of Climeworks air capture process
Based on cyclic adsorption/desportion process on a novel filet material (sorbent)
shipping container sized units 300tCO2/yr
What is global thermostat air capture process
GT uses custom equipment and propritary (dry) amine based chemical sorbents bonded to prour
What is global thermostat air capture process
GT uses custom equipment and propritary (dry) amine based chemical sorbents bonded to porous honeycomb ceramic monoliths that together act as carbon sponges
Efficiently absorbs CO2 from atmosphere, smokoestacks or both
captured CO2 stipped off with low temp team
What is the center for negative carbon emissions air capture process
Moisture swing sorbent cycle for capturing CO2 from air
Sorbent - an anionic exchange resin, absorbs CO2 when dry and releases it again when exposed to moisture
What is the future for DAC
can be developed and proven relatively cheaply as individual units that are then mass produced to reduce costs for development
Very important for countries to commit within 10 year to finite future emission budgets
How is the equivalent COP for a heat pump providing same duty as post combustion capture
COP = qpcc / wlost
Which fossil fuel would be most difficult to capture in a net zero soceity
oil - use DACS
