Lecture 13

Question 1

In Molecular systematics, what gene should be used?

Answer 1

Always Homologous genes.

Question 2

Consideration 1: sames species or different species?
Same Species ______ genes
Different Species ______ genes

Answer 2

Same- Paralogous

Different _ orthologous

Question 3

Cosideration 2 : Distantly related species or closely related species?
Closely related use quickly or slowly changing genes. ex
Distantly related use quick or slowly “” “” “” Ex.

Answer 3

closely- Quickly - mtDNA

Distant- Slowly - rRNA

Question 4

What allows us to use molecular systematics?

1- Sequencing genome becomes _____ and _____

Answer 4

Easier and - Moleccheaper

Question 5

What allows us to use molecular systematics?

2- Molecular clocks based on ______ developed by ______

Answer 5

Neutral , Developed by Motoo

Question 6

Some assumptions : most genes are or aren’t related to fitness. Changes in these genes and proteins should be ____ in relation to time

Answer 6

Aren’t , Constant

Question 7

Cons of Molecular clocks
1-________ 2) vary between ____ and ______
3) Need to be ______ with outside data.

Answer 7

1-Imprecise
2- Genes and species
3- Calibrated

Question 8

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
1- How did we determine the source of HIV?
a- Phylogeny combined with _____ indicated it originated in chimps and other primates.
b - showed that it wasn’t a _____

Answer 8

a- Molecular clock

b- Vaccine

Question 9

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
2-What was the strongest evidence the medics used when they were accused of infecting children with HIV in the Libyan hospital?
A- _____ Proved that infections diverged from other HIV types ____ the medics arrived.

Answer 9

Molecular phylogeny

Before the medics arrived.

Question 10

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
3- Did SARS come from civet cats or bats ?
A- Used phylogeny to determine that both civet cats and human SARS diverged from ____ however they don’t know what diverged first. ( indicated _____)

Answer 10

Bats ( indicated POLYTOMY )

Question 11

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
4- MERs source and transmission?
A- used phylogeny to prove that MERs also came from _____.
B- Why Bats? More human/bat interaction, bats have higher or lower metabolic rate that may keep viruses at bay.

Answer 11

A- Bats

B- Higher

Question 12

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
5-Why was H1N1 a large concern?
A- Phylogeny proved it was a ______ virus of viral DNA that affects pigs, birds, and humans that had been dormant in pigs for ______ years.

Answer 12

A- Recombinant

In pigs for 9-17 years.

Question 13

Practical Applications of Phylogeny
6- Can we blame soccer for the recent Zika outbreak?
Yes or no - _______ indicates current form was introduced to Brazil by a single carrier in 2013 ( 1 year before the world cup )

Answer 13

A- NO, Molecular Clock Analysis