Lecture 12 Flashcards
Systematics - a scientific system for ______ organisms.
Classifying
Phylogenetic systematics - Classification ______ - the evolutionary of organisms by their order of ______, history of a species or groups _______ of an evolutionary tree naming of related species
Classification of Branching
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
Taxonomy - the science of _____ and classifying organisms.
Organizing.
Paraphyletic
is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.
Monophyletic
forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Polyphyletic
one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon
node
the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendants.
Sister Taxa
two taxa connected through a single internal node
Polytomy
a branch point from which more than two descedants of taxa emerge. polytomys indicate that the relationship between descendants is not yet clear.
Old school taxonomy _______
Linnaean classification system.
(OLD SCHOOL) Binomial ________ ( genus species )
Binomial Nomenclature
(OLD SCHOOL)
Singular = Genus, plural = _____
Genera
(OLD SCHOOL)
Hierarchical Classification-
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,Species
(OLD SCHOOL)
Phylocode - 1 Only ______ groups recongnized
2-Traditional Taxonomic names would or wouldn’t exist.
3- Species names would or wouldn’t stay the same.
Only Monophyletic
traditional taxonomic names wouldn’t exist
Specie names would stay the same.
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
Which are used to create Phylogenetic trees?
Homologous
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
which is the same as homoplaises?
Analogous
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
Which indicate the traits that came from a common ancestor?
Homologous
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
Which indicates a trait that evolved independently due to similar environmental niches?
Analogous
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
Pitcher leaves and cactus spines are examples of ____
Homologous
HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS
Pregnancy in Mammals and seahorses is an example of _______
Analogous
In Cladistics, we break up species into ______, or groups with common ancestors and its descendants based on _____ and _______.
Clades , Shared and Derived ,
In order to separate clades, we compare ingroups with ______ that have most recently diverged evolutionarily .
Outgroups
There are two main methods : ________ (which relies on the least amount of changes per tree) and _______ (tree with the highest likelihood considering how genes changes over time with probability and computational rules)
Parsimony , Maximum Likelihood
Does the real world follow maximum parsimony ? Ex.?
NO, Four chambered hearts in birds and Mammals.
