Lecture 12

Question 1

Systematics - a scientific system for ______ organisms.

Answer 1

Classifying

Question 2

Phylogenetic systematics - Classification ______ - the evolutionary of organisms by their order of ______, history of a species or groups _______ of an evolutionary tree naming of related species

Answer 2

Classification of Branching
Phylogeny
Phylogeny

Question 3

Taxonomy - the science of _____ and classifying organisms.

Answer 3

Organizing.

Question 4

Paraphyletic

Answer 4

is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants.

Question 5

Monophyletic

Answer 5

forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Question 6

Polyphyletic

Answer 6

one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

Question 7

node

Answer 7

the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendants.

Question 8

Sister Taxa

Answer 8

two taxa connected through a single internal node

Question 9

Polytomy

Answer 9

a branch point from which more than two descedants of taxa emerge. polytomys indicate that the relationship between descendants is not yet clear.

Question 10

Old school taxonomy _______

Answer 10

Linnaean classification system.

Question 11

(OLD SCHOOL) Binomial ________ ( genus species )

Answer 11

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 12

(OLD SCHOOL)

Singular = Genus, plural = _____

Answer 12

Genera

Question 13

(OLD SCHOOL)

Hierarchical Classification-

Answer 13

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,Species

Question 14

(OLD SCHOOL)
Phylocode - 1 Only ______ groups recongnized
2-Traditional Taxonomic names would or wouldn’t exist.
3- Species names would or wouldn’t stay the same.

Answer 14

Only Monophyletic
traditional taxonomic names wouldn’t exist
Specie names would stay the same.

Question 15

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

Which are used to create Phylogenetic trees?

Answer 15

Homologous

Question 16

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

which is the same as homoplaises?

Answer 16

Analogous

Question 17

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

Which indicate the traits that came from a common ancestor?

Answer 17

Homologous

Question 18

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

Which indicates a trait that evolved independently due to similar environmental niches?

Answer 18

Analogous

Question 19

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

Pitcher leaves and cactus spines are examples of ____

Answer 19

Homologous

Question 20

HOMOLOGOUS OR ANALOGOUS CHARECTERISTICS

Pregnancy in Mammals and seahorses is an example of _______

Answer 20

Analogous

Question 21

In Cladistics, we break up species into ______, or groups with common ancestors and its descendants based on _____ and _______.

Answer 21

Clades , Shared and Derived ,

Question 22

In order to separate clades, we compare ingroups with ______ that have most recently diverged evolutionarily .

Answer 22

Outgroups

Question 23

There are two main methods : ________ (which relies on the least amount of changes per tree) and _______ (tree with the highest likelihood considering how genes changes over time with probability and computational rules)

Answer 23

Parsimony , Maximum Likelihood

Question 24

Does the real world follow maximum parsimony ? Ex.?

Answer 24

NO, Four chambered hearts in birds and Mammals.