Lecture 13 Flashcards
Define disease?
Any malfunctioning process which interferes with the normal functioning of the body is called a disease
What are the types of diseases?
A. Congenital disease (Innate)
B. Acquired disease
What is Congenital disease?
The disease which is present from birth (e.g. hole in the heart in infants).
What is the cuase of congential diseases?
They are caused by some genetic abnormality or metabolic
disorder or malfunctioning of an organ.
What is acquired diseases ?
The diseases which may occur after birth during one’s lifetime.
What are the categoris of acquired diseases?
(i) Infectious diseases:
(ii) Degenerative diseases:
iii) Deficiency diseases:
(iv) Cancer
Infectious diseases?
The diseases which can be transmitted from diseased healthy person to e.g. measles.
Degenerative diseases?
The diseases caused by the malfunction of some vital organs of the body e.g. heart failure.
Deficiency diseases?
These are caused due to nutritional deficiency such as that of minerals or vitamins in the diet e.g. anaemia(Fe), Beri- beri (Vitamin B)
Cancer?
This is an abnormal, uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells. e.g. breast cancer.
Wht are the two categories the acquired diseases is studies under ?
(i) Communicable diseases.
ii) Non-communicable diseases.
What is Communicable diseases?
The diseases which can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.
Define Non-communicable diseases?
These diseases do not spread from an affected person to a healthy person.
What are the modes of spred of communicable diseases?
1)direct transmission
2)indirect transmission
What are the types of direct transmission ?
1) Direct contact between the infected person and the healthy person:
2) Droplet infection
3) Contact with soil
4) Animal bite
Direct contact between the infected person and the healthy person:
Diseases like small pox, chicken pox, syphilis spread through direct contact.
Droplet infection:
The infected person throws out tiny droplets of mucus by coughing, sneezing or spitting. These droplets may contain the pathogen. By inhaling the air containing the droplets, a healthy person may get the infection. Diseases like common cold, pneumonia, influenza, measles, tuberculosis and whooping cough spread through droplet infection.
Contact with soil:
contaminated with disease-causing viruses and bacteria.
Animal bite:
Viruses of rabies are introduced through the wound caused by the bite of rabid animals, especially dogs. The virus is present in the saliva of the rabid animals.
What are the types of indirect transmission ?
1) By vectors such as houseflies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches.
2) Air-borne
3) Object borne
4) Water borne:
Define indirect transmission ?
The pathogens of certain diseases reach the human body through some intermediate agents.
By vectors such as houseflies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches?
Examples: Houseflies carry the causative organisms of cholera on their legs and mouth parts from the faeces and sputum of infected persons to food and drinks and contaminate them. When this contaminated food is taken by a healthy person, he gets the infection. Similarly, mosquitoes carry virus of dengue and malarial parasite which causes malaria.
Air-borne?
pathogens may reach humans with air and dust.
Object borne:?
Many diseases are transmitted through the use of contaminated articles, such as clothes, utensils, toys, door handles, taps, syringes and surgical instruments
Water borne:?
If potable water (drinking water) is contaminated with pathogens of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, hepatitis or jaundice, it reaches a healthy person upon consuming such water.
How to prevent disease transmission ?
o Frequent and thorough hand washing as the best method to prevent disease transmission.
o Regular disinfection of frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, handles, handrails, restroom surfaces, medical instruments, computer keyboards, phones and office supplies
o Using gloves, masks can avoid the spread of germs.
o Many infections can be prevented by keeping healthy with attention to good personal hygiene.
