Lecture 13

Question 1

Define disease?

Answer 1

Any malfunctioning process which interferes with the normal functioning of the body is called a disease

Question 2

What are the types of diseases?

Answer 2

A. Congenital disease (Innate)

B. Acquired disease

Question 3

What is Congenital disease?

Answer 3

The disease which is present from birth (e.g. hole in the heart in infants).

Question 4

What is the cuase of congential diseases?

Answer 4

They are caused by some genetic abnormality or metabolic
disorder or malfunctioning of an organ.

Question 5

What is acquired diseases ?

Answer 5

The diseases which may occur after birth during one’s lifetime.

Question 6

What are the categoris of acquired diseases?

Answer 6

(i) Infectious diseases:

(ii) Degenerative diseases:

iii) Deficiency diseases:

(iv) Cancer

Question 7

Infectious diseases?

Answer 7

The diseases which can be transmitted from diseased healthy person to e.g. measles.

Question 8

Degenerative diseases?

Answer 8

The diseases caused by the malfunction of some vital organs of the body e.g. heart failure.

Question 9

Deficiency diseases?

Answer 9

These are caused due to nutritional deficiency such as that of minerals or vitamins in the diet e.g. anaemia(Fe), Beri- beri (Vitamin B)

Question 10

Cancer?

Answer 10

This is an abnormal, uncontrolled and unwanted growth of cells. e.g. breast cancer.

Question 11

Wht are the two categories the acquired diseases is studies under ?

Answer 11

(i) Communicable diseases.

ii) Non-communicable diseases.

Question 12

What is Communicable diseases?

Answer 12

The diseases which can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.

Question 13

Define Non-communicable diseases?

Answer 13

These diseases do not spread from an affected person to a healthy person.

Question 14

What are the modes of spred of communicable diseases?

Answer 14

1)direct transmission
2)indirect transmission

Question 15

What are the types of direct transmission ?

Answer 15

1) Direct contact between the infected person and the healthy person:

2) Droplet infection

3) Contact with soil

4) Animal bite

Question 16

Direct contact between the infected person and the healthy person:

Answer 16

Diseases like small pox, chicken pox, syphilis spread through direct contact.

Question 17

Droplet infection:

Answer 17

The infected person throws out tiny droplets of mucus by coughing, sneezing or spitting. These droplets may contain the pathogen. By inhaling the air containing the droplets, a healthy person may get the infection. Diseases like common cold, pneumonia, influenza, measles, tuberculosis and whooping cough spread through droplet infection.

Question 18

Contact with soil:

Answer 18

contaminated with disease-causing viruses and bacteria.

Question 19

Animal bite:

Answer 19

Viruses of rabies are introduced through the wound caused by the bite of rabid animals, especially dogs. The virus is present in the saliva of the rabid animals.

Question 20

What are the types of indirect transmission ?

Answer 20

1) By vectors such as houseflies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches.

2) Air-borne

3) Object borne

4) Water borne:

Question 21

Define indirect transmission ?

Answer 21

The pathogens of certain diseases reach the human body through some intermediate agents.

Question 22

By vectors such as houseflies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches?

Answer 22

Examples: Houseflies carry the causative organisms of cholera on their legs and mouth parts from the faeces and sputum of infected persons to food and drinks and contaminate them. When this contaminated food is taken by a healthy person, he gets the infection. Similarly, mosquitoes carry virus of dengue and malarial parasite which causes malaria.

Question 23

Air-borne?

Answer 23

pathogens may reach humans with air and dust.

Question 24

Object borne:?

Answer 24

Many diseases are transmitted through the use of contaminated articles, such as clothes, utensils, toys, door handles, taps, syringes and surgical instruments

Question 25

Water borne:?

Answer 25

If potable water (drinking water) is contaminated with pathogens of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, hepatitis or jaundice, it reaches a healthy person upon consuming such water.

Question 26

How to prevent disease transmission ?

Answer 26

o Frequent and thorough hand washing as the best method to prevent disease transmission. o Regular disinfection of frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, handles, handrails, restroom surfaces, medical instruments, computer keyboards, phones and office supplies o Using gloves, masks can avoid the spread of germs. o Many infections can be prevented by keeping healthy with attention to good personal hygiene.