lecture 13

Question 1

cardio-metabolic risk

Answer 1

is a condition in which the possibilities of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus are significantly enhanced

Question 2

the first law of fuel metabolism

Answer 2

energy must be stored before it can be released and utilized

Question 3

metabolic flexibility

Answer 3

ability to switch rapidly between substrates

Question 4

the second law of fuel metabolism

Answer 4

the brain must be continuously supplied with glucose….it cant metabolize proteins or fatty acids.

Question 5

the liver

Answer 5

needed to maintain adequate blood glucose levels. First stores glucose in the form of glycogen (glycogenesis).

Question 6

What happens to the liver when circulating levels of glucose fall too low?

Answer 6

the liver will break down glycogen and release it back into the bloodstream as glucose (glycogenolysis) causing the rise of blood sugar.

Question 7

Insulin

Answer 7

storage hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Release of insulin is stimulated by a rise in blood sugar. Its role is to lower blood sugar by increasing glucose uptake by the muscles.

Question 8

Glucagon

Answer 8

secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas in response to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Glucagon secretion causes a rise in blood glucose and free fatty acids by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver.

Question 9

Epinephrine

Answer 9

stimulated by immediate stress and by exercise. Role is to suppress insulin secretion and promote glucagon secretion. Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fat mobilization. in order to increase circulating levels of glucose and fatty acids.

Question 10

cortisol

Answer 10

– stimulated by chronic stress. Similar to epinephrine in that it increases circulating levels of substrates and ensures the mobilization of fuels necessary to adapt to long-term stress.

Question 11

subsistence efficiency

Answer 11

refers to the amount of food intake needed to support the work necessary to obtain that food. Over 100,000 years ago, people consumed approximately 3,000 calories per day and expended about 1,000 calories per day in work activity …subsistence efficiency ratio (SER) of 3:1.

Question 12

The combination of overfeeding and inadequate amounts of work activity is the precursor to what?

Answer 12

metabolic dysregulation at the cellular level

Question 13

How does the body adapt to overfeeding?

Answer 13

The body adapts to overfeeding and chronic oversupply of fuel by getting bigger…increased body mass will burn more energy at rest.

Question 14

Those carrying a variant of the FTO gene tend to be..

Answer 14

heavier than those without it. There is an obesity risk associated with the FTO gene

Question 15

What occurs when the body consumes more energy than it expends?

Answer 15

there is a build up of substrate within the cell

Question 16

What is the consequence of the build up of substrate?

Answer 16

the buildup of ROS, a small and highly reactive molecule. Leads to oxidative stress.

Question 17

Excess ROS is associated with which conditions?

Answer 17

metabolic disregulation leading to type 2 diabetes and the dysfunction of insulin action within the cell.

Question 18

What happens if the liver becomes too fatty?

Answer 18

it leads to disfunction of the insulin signals that will shut down glucose production resulting in high blood sugar.

Question 19

Insulin resistance

Answer 19

precursor to type 2 diabetes

Question 20

what happens in the body when one has type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

The excess blood sugar in diabetes can wreak havoc on blood vessels all over the body and cause complications. It can severely damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and other body parts; cause sexual problems; and double the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Question 21

type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

considered an autoimmune disease and is characterized by a deficiency in insulin production and secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas.
Used to be termed “juvenile-onset” or “insulin-dependent” diabetes.

Question 22

type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

considered a lifestyle disease and is defined by reduced insulin sensitivity in target tissue (primarily muscle, fat, and liver).
Was referred to as “adult-onset” or “non-insulin dependent” diabetes.

Question 23

Three biologic factors increase cardiometabolic risk

Answer 23

hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia.

Question 24

cardiometabolic risk reductions

Answer 24

weight loss

high ration of body fat to lean mass