Lecture 12-Neoplasia 4

Question 1

List the different types of systemic effect of neoplasia

Answer 1

systemic effect of neoplasia on the host;
-direct
tumours directly comprise the function of organs
replaces normal tissue in organs
cause pressure atrophy of adjacent tissue
compress adjacemtne blood vessel & cause ischaemia & tissue necrosis
can rupture hollow organs
-indirect
remote effects
called paraneoplastic syndromes
indirect effects cause by produces secreted by neoplastic cells;

Question 2

For Paraneoplastic syndrome 
explain the following 
-cachexia 
-endocrinpathies
-Skeletal syndromes
-vascular & haematological syndromes
-neurological disease
-cutanous syndromes
-GI ulceration

Answer 2

Paraneoplastic;
-cancer cachexia
advance stage of cancer
there is weight loss nutrient loss and demands of neoplastic tissue
-endocrinpathies
due to overproduction of hormones from a function endocrine neoplasm (hyperthyroidism) a variety of non-endocrine neoplasm can also produce hormonally active substance, called ectopic (weird location) hormone production (hypercalcaemia)
-Skeletal syndromes
hypertrophic osteopathy occurs in dogs and cat, extensive periosteal new bone growth, occurs in a variety of neoplasm but frequently associated with neoplastic non neoplastic thoracic lesions
-vascular & haematological syndromes causes various disorders
caused by many cytokines produced by neoplastic cells
eosinophilla (increased eosinophils in the blood)
neutrophilla
-neurological disease manifest as secure activity (hypercalcaemia)
-cutanous syndromes (skin flushing)
-GI ulceration (histamine secreting tumour mast cell tumours)

Question 3

Discuss the diagnosis of neoplasia

• clinical signs and symptoms
• blood analysis
• imaging techniques
• cytology
• surgical biopsy sample for histopathology

Answer 3

diagnosis of neoplasia
-clinical signs and symptoms can suggest a neoplasm;
lymphadenopathy (disease of the lymph nodes)
cachexia (wasting of the body)
respiratory distress or coughing
lameness
-blood analysis
anemia
paraneoplastic syndromes
specific markers
-imaging techniques
radiography, ultrasound, CT scan
-cytology
fine needle aspirates sample of cells from solid neoplasm and bodily fluid, scraping, impression smears
-surgical biopsy sample for histopathology you take a sample of tissue from the site

Question 4

Describe the histological features used to grade malignant neoplasms;

Answer 4

histological features used to grade malignant neoplasms;
-degree of differentiation of cell
nuclear to cytoplasmic ration
pleomorphism variation in size and shape of the cell
degree of anaplasia (losing the morphological characteristics)
-no. of mitotic figures (indicates growth rate)
-degree of necrosis & haemorrhage
rapidly growing tumours outgrow blood supply, increased necrosis
-evidence of local invasion
indicates malignancy
-presence of metastases in lymph & blood vessel
indicates malignancy

Question 5

What does it mean if a tumour is grade 1 and grade 3

Answer 5

grade 1= well differentiated, few mitoses, good prognosis

grade 3= poorly differentiated, lots mitoses, poor prognosis

Question 6

For staging of malignant neoplasm 
define it 
define TNM
T0-4
N0-3
M0-2

Answer 6

staging of tumours give an indication of extending of tumour growth and spread
assess progression of malignant neoplasms
TNM used scheme for staging
T- primary Tumour size
N-presence and extent of lymph Node involvement
M-presence of distant Metastases
T0-4 increasing size of primary neoplasm
N0-3 increasing no. of lymph node involved
M0-2 increasing metastases