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Neuro Rehab Mid Term > Lecture 12: Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Memory and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

How do we evaluate learning?

A

in terms of memory, if you can perform a skill after not practicing it for awhile then it is in your memory and you have learned it

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2
Q

How do we directly use memory?

A

deliberate attempt to recollect past experiences for the purposes of facilitating current information process

ex: names, facts, events

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3
Q

How do we indirectly use memory?

A

no need for deliberate recollection

ex. motor skill

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4
Q

What are two different systems for memory?

A 
explicit/declarative= facts and ideas
implicit= habits and movement
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5
Q

What is STSS?

A

short term sensory share, last 1-2 seconds from sense like kinesthesia, proprioception, vision etc.

very large capacity only filters what is of interest

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6
Q

What is STM?

A

short term memory, events that just occurred but can usually only hold about 7 new items +/- 2

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7
Q

What is working memory?

A

part of STM where effortful conscious processing takes place

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8
Q

What are examples of working memory?

A

reading comprehension, name and face recall, maintaining attention with distractions, computations

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9
Q

What is long term memory?

A

memory that does not occupy your current attention, must be recalled or recognized

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10
Q

What are three steps of memory processing?

A
  1. acquisition-encoding
  2. consolidation
  3. retrieval recall
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11
Q

How does consolidation occur?

A

stabilize memory trace after acquisition

1st process- synaptic plasticity (hours after) using Hebb rule

2nd process- system consolidation (weeks to years)

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12
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

high frequency activity leads to long lasting impact

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13
Q

What are metabolic requirements for consolidation?

A

CREB protein, glucose, food and adrenaline

ex: don’t study when hungry

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14
Q

What is the main neurophysiological requirement for memory?

A

SLEEP

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15
Q

What are ways to improve explicit memory?

A

reactivate and rehearse

make connections to material with story, mnemonics, flashcards, test yourself

but must take breaks and avoid drugs and alcohol

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16
Q

Where do short term explicit memories occur?

A

medial temporal lobe

17
Q

Where does LTM occur?

A
  1. hippocampus- encoding, consolidation and retrieval

2. amygdala- emotional memories

18
Q

How are the two sides of hippocampus split up?

A

L side- verbal info

R side- visual and other sensory info

19
Q

Why is HM important?

A

removed his hippocampus to stop seizures but he was unable to make new explicit memories but could have implicit memories

20
Q

Where does implicit memory occur involving skills and habits?

A
  1. basal ganglia (caudate nucleus)- storage selection and retrieval
  2. cerebellum- learning, error detection and timing
  3. putamen- storage
  4. cerebral cortex- sequence learning, response selection
21
Q

Where does conditioning of implicit memory occur?

A

amygdala- fear based memories, memory of emotional reaction

22
Q

What happens when we age?

A

weaken of synapses, reduce white matter (axons), hippocampal atrophy effects more explicit than implicit memory

23
Q

What are two reasons for forgetting STM?

A
  1. trace decay- memories leave a chemical change in nervous system but decay occurs by erasing this trace
  2. displacement theory- when STM is full new info kicks out old info
24
Q

Why do we forget LTM?

A
  1. impaired consolidation- problems with hippocampus, neurons
  2. retrieval failure- stored but not accessible
  3. weakened synaptic connections- decline theory when memory is not exercised
  4. interference- activation of new network over older one
25
Q

What are examples of anatomical lesions?

A

medial temporal lobe, thalamus/hypothalamus, basal forebrain, diffuse (MS)

26
Q

What are examples of non- anatomical lesions?

A

seizures, concussion, ischemia, hypoxia, alzhiemers,

27
Q

What type of memory is usually associated with retrograde amnesia?

A

typically explicit memories before injury

28
Q

What type of memory is usually associated with anterograde amnesia?

A

LTM as it is hard to consolidate things after injury

29
Q

What diseases usually affect explicit memory?

A

stroke, parkinsons, alzhiemers

30
Q

What type of diseases usually affect procedural memory?

A

parkinsons, HIV, stroke

31
Q

What are five strategies for working with PT with memory loss?

A
  1. modeling
  2. physical assistance
  3. modify task variables
  4. blocked practice
  5. no terminal feedback

Neuro Rehab Mid Term (14 decks)

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