Lecture 12 Flashcards
What is peacebuilding (dont need to know from the top of your head)
“action to identify and support
structures which will tend to
strengthen and solidify peace in order
to avoid a relapse into conflict.”
“Peacebuilding involves a range of measures
targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or
relapsing into conflict by strengthening
national capacities at all levels for conflict
management, and to lay the foundations for
sustainable peace and development.”
Varieties of peacebuilding
- Actor-based
Single state, coalition, regional international governmental organization,
UN, NGOs and civil society - Intention-based
Biased vs impartial - Content-based
Diplomatic, political, economic, military
Traditional peacekeeping
- Interpositional deployments, - - communication and confidence building measures,
- mediation
Multidimensional peacekeeping
Chapter VI mandates, extensive activities beyond interpositional, for example
institutional reform, electoral assistance, policing; all with consent of the
warring parties (especially host government)
Peace enforcement
Chapter VII mandates: using force to defend the peacekeepers and their
mission; without consent of the warring parties
Mandates peacekeeping
Legal framework for peace operation’s activities
Written in Security Council resolutions
Reported on by the UN Secretary-General
Phases of policy evolution in peacekeeping civil wars
The Brahimi Report and Reform
Human Security
The Responsibility to Protect
What is peacebuilding succes?
- Stopping war
- Supporting the war to peace transition
- Investing in political, social infrastructure to prevent future war
Operationalizing peacebuilding
- Negative peace: sovereignty, i.e. ending civil war violence
- Positive peace: participation, i.e. democratic institutions
Ecological theory of peacebuilding
Space for peace is defined along three
dimensions:
1. Local capacities
2. Hostilities within the country
3. International capacities
Peace operations prevent the return to war
when they are matched to the conflict
“ecology”
Conflict “ecology” can be understood through
the concepts of coordination vs cooperation
games
Matching Peace Operations to the
Conflict “Ecology” to Promote Peace
Table on slides
UNAMIR Mandate (The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda)
Established before the genocide.
Mandate, v1: Established on 5 October 1993,
“To assist in ensuring the security of the capital city of Kigali;
monitor the ceasefire agreement, including establishment of an
expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures;
monitor the security situation during the final period of the
transitional Government’s mandate leading up to elections; assist
with mine-clearance; and assist in the coordination of
humanitarian assistance activities in conjunction with relief
operations.”
Adjusted UNAMIR mandate
Mandate, v2:
“adjusted [on 21 April 1994]… so that [UNAMIR] could act as an
intermediary between the warring Rwandese parties in an
attempt to secure their agreement to a ceasefire; assist in the
resumption of humanitarian relief operations to the extent
feasible; and monitor developments in Rwanda, including the
safety and security of civilians who sought refuge with UNAMIR
Version 3 of UNAMIR mandate
Mandate, v3:
“expanded [on 17 May 1994]…. to enable [UNAMIR] to contribute
to the security and protection of refugees and civilians at risk,
through means including the establishment and maintenance of
secure humanitarian areas, and the provision of security for relief
operations to the degree possible.”
UNAMIR strength
5 October 1993-20 April 1994
2,548 military personnel, including 2,217 troops and 331 military
observers, and 60 civilian police
21 April-16 May 1994
270 military personnel
17 May 1994-8 June 1995
Some 5,500 military personnel, including approximately 5,200 troops
and military support personnel and 320 military observers, and 90
civilian police [in February 1995, the authorized strength of the civilian
police was increased to 120]
