Lecture 11: Muscular System

Question 1

what are the functions of the muscular system?

Answer 1

supporting body movement and generating heat

Question 2

what does origin mean?

Answer 2

end of muscle attached to stabilized bone: usually proximal

Question 3

what does insertion mean?

Answer 3

end of muscle attached to moving bone: usually distal

Question 4

what does muscle belly mean?

Answer 4

thickened portion between tendons

Question 5

what are actions?

Answer 5

movements possible when the muscle contracts

Question 6

reverse muscle actions ?

Answer 6

result when the origin and insertion are reversed

Question 7

levers?

Answer 7

levers lift loads using effort

Question 8

load?

Answer 8

resistance against effort

Question 9

effort?

Answer 9

force required to move a load

Question 10

first class levers?

Answer 10

fulcrum is between effort and load

Question 11

second class levers?

Answer 11

load is between effort and fulcrum

Question 12

do second class levers produce a mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

Answer 12

mechanical advantage: little effort to move load

Question 13

third class levers?

Answer 13

effort is between fulcrum and the load : most common levers in the body

Question 14

do third class levers produce a mechanical disadvantage or advantage?

Answer 14

mechanical disadvantage: lot of effort to move small loads

Question 15

agonist?

Answer 15

the one that exerts effort to move bone

Question 16

antagonist?

Answer 16

the one that relaxes so the agonist can move the bone

Question 17

example of agonist vs antagonist?

Answer 17

flexion at elbow joint:
bicep brachii: agonist
triceps brachii: antagonist : must relax to move bone

Question 18

synergists?

Answer 18

muscle that stabilizes intermediate joints so movement can occur around one joint only

Question 19

fixators and example

Answer 19

fixators stabilize one end of the bone so the other end can move
- abduction of arm: fixators stabilize the scapula so the agonist/deltoid muscles can move the bone

Question 20

whats a spasm

Answer 20

a spasm is an involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles

Question 21

cramp?

Answer 21

painful spasm

Question 22

most common cause of spasms

Answer 22

dehydration

Question 23

what is muscle soreness often caused by

Answer 23

microscopic damage to muscles

Question 24

minor injuries should be treated with price and what is price?

Answer 24

protection, rest, ice, compression, and, elevation

Question 25

severe injuries can require?

Answer 25

rehab and/or meds: nsaids or corticosteroids

Question 26

plantar fascitis

Answer 26

heel pain basically.
causes include: excess weight, uneven weight, or illfitting footwear.
- leads to chronic inflammation of plantar aponeurosis
- treatment: price, stretching, weight loss, orthotics, surgery

Question 27

compartment syndrome

Answer 27

caused by pressure that restricts blood flow to area.
mild: pain severe: paralysis
- excess fluid causes sweeling
- fasciostomy may be required and may result in fibrosis and muscle shortening