Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Exam 1 > Lecture 11: Gastroenteritis & Hepatitis > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Gastroenteritis & Hepatitis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How would you define diarrhea clinically?

A

-3 off more loose or liquid stools per day
-lasting less than 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Warning signs of bacterial GI infection?
What happens when warning signs of bacterial infection are absent?

A

-high fever
-blood/mucus in stool
-severe abdominal pain
- >6 stools/24h

When the warning signs of bacterial infection are absent, then you should suspect a viral cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rotavirus diarrheal disease
-caused by
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

A

-caused by Rotavirus A,B,C
-capsid: triple layer Icosahedral
-genome: dsRNA
-naked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rotavirus characterized in a colorized EM

A

Show characteristics of “spoked-wheel”- like appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What virus is responsible for 50% of all acute gastroenteritis in developing and developed countries?

A

-rotavirus
**adenoviruses can cause gastroenteritis as well but not as common at rotaviruses*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What virus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among unvaccinated children <5yoa?

A

Rotavirus
=human infantile gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rotavirus transmission

A

Predominantly spread via FECAL-ORAL route
-large amounts of virus released in feces even in asymptomatic patients
-stable in the environment (obviiiiiiii))
why ?
B/c its naked and tripled capsuled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rotavirus clinical presentations

A

-vomiting and watery diarrhea for 3-8 days
-fever and abdominal pain occur frequently
-dehydration in infants (undernourished)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rotavirus pathogenesis

A

Infects epithelial cells of the VILLI of the SI
-lytic infection of the intestinal epithelium
-loosening of the tight junctions of intestines
-effects of the viral enterotoxin

causing loss of electrolytes and prevents reabsorption of water = diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnosing Rotavirus

A

-direct ELISA by feces or rectal swabs
-latex agglutination test for rotavirus
-LFA: immunochromatographic
-RT-PCR

Genome: dsRNA
Capsid: triple
Naked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment for Rotavirus

A

No anti-viral
-replace lost fluids and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prevention of rotavirus

A

2 live, oral Vaccines !!!!
-Rotarix = given at 2 & 4 months
-RotaTeq = given at 2, 4 and 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Norovirus diarrheal disease
Caused by
Capsid
Genome
Envelope

A

Caused by:
-genus = norovirus
-species = Norwalk virus

Icosahedral
(+) ssRNA
Naked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What virus is globally most important non-bacterial cause of acute gastroenteritis for all ages?

A

NOROVIRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Norovirus is often associated with outbreaks regarding?

A

Outbreaks on cruise ships and ingestion of raw or improperly steamed shellfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common cause of viral GI diarrhea in the US

A

NOROVIRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Norovirus transmission?
What about re-infections?

A
  • fecal-oral (contaminated food or water)
    -person-to-person
    -contact w/ contaminated fomites (obviiii)

Reinfections are common
-many different strains
-no life long immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Norovirus clinical presentations

A

-nausea
-acute onset non-bloody diarrhea
-some abdominal cramping
-sore throat
-vomiting = in children
-low fever, chills, muscle aches

-self-limiting (1-2 days)
-viral shedding occurs up to 2-3 weeks after symptom resolution (can be asymptomatic while still shedding)

19
Q

Norovirus diagnosis

A

Clincial diagnosis
-detection of viral RNA w/ RT-PCR in food, water, stool samples
-LFA- immunochromatographic = poor sensitivity

20
Q

Norovirus treatment

A

Oral rehydration
-patients greatest risk comes from illness-associated dehydration

21
Q

Hepatitis symptoms

A

-HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
causes jaundice of the skin which is especially apparent in the eyes
-fatigue
-anorexia
-nausea
-vomiting
-dark urine
-clay colored stool

22
Q

-hepatitis trends in the U.S
-most common
-chronic hepatitis
-hepatocellular carcinoma
-rarely lead to liver failure

A

-HAV, HBV, HCV causes 90% of the acute cases of hepatitis in the U.S.
-HAV is the most common
-chronic hepatitis can be caused by HBV HCV
but HCV most common
-HBV&raquo_space;> HCV both are causally linked to hepatocellular carcinoma
-acute infection with with HAV HBV HCV rarely lead to liver failure

23
Q

Hepatitis A virus
-from what genus & family
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

A

-picornavirus, enterovirus 72 (hepatovirus)
-Icosahedral
-(+) ssRNA
-naked

24
Q

HAV transmission

A

-fecal-oral route
-person-to-person
-contaminated food or water
-sexual contact

25
Q

HAV referred to as

A

Infectious hepatitis

26
Q

Which hepatitis is not associated with hepatic cancer or liver failure?

A

HAV

27
Q

Which hepatitis does not cause chronic infection?

A

HAV

28
Q

HAV diagnosis

A

-ELISA = IgM
-RT-PCR

29
Q

Hepatitis B
-capsid
-genome and shape
-envelope

A

Capsid: Double shelled
Genome: ss/dsDNA, circular
Enveloped

30
Q

HBV transmission

A

-parental (needle sticks) route
-mucosal (sexual) exposure to HBV+ body fluids (saliva, semen, blood)

31
Q

Which hepatitis is the primary cause of Hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

HBV

32
Q

HBV diagnosis

A

ELISA (for acute and chronic infection)
PCR usually not used for initial diagnosis b/c it cannot discriminate b/w acute and chronic infections

HBV Genome: ss/ds DNA circular
Enveloped

33
Q

HBV treatment
Chronic and acute ?
Do they completely cure the infection?

A

Acute infections:
Supportive care only
Chronic infections:
PEG-IFN-alpha + and NRTI

Drugs do not provide a complete cure for HBV
Instead
Drugs slow down/stop the virus from replication
”Sustained repression”
Significantly decreasing the risk of liver damage
Virus titers will rebound if treatment is discontinued.

34
Q

What do the drugs for chronic Hep B do?

A

Drugs do not provide a complete cure for chronic Hepatitis B
drugs slow down/stop the virus from replicating
-“Sustained repression”
-Significantly decreasing the risk of liver damage
-Virus titers will rebound if treatment is discontinued

35
Q

HBV prevention

A

vaccines
-vaccines can be use for PrEP or PEP
-single-antigen recombination vaccines
—— RECOMBIVAX HB = available for all ages
—— Engerix-B = available for all ages
—— HEPLISAV-B

36
Q

Hepatitis C
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

A

-Icosahedral
-(+) ssRNA, linear
-enveloped

37
Q

Most common chronic blood borne infection in the U.S is what virus?

A

HCV

38
Q

Chances of adults developing chronic hepatitis is with which strain?

A

HCV (50%)
HBV (5%)

39
Q

When do patients of HCV have an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma

A

With patients with HCV + cirrhosis

40
Q

HCV transmission

A

Occurs via Parenteral or mucosal exposure to blood:
-shared needles
-infant born to infected mother
-100% RE-INFECTION

41
Q

HCV diagnosis

A

-ELISA or immunochromatographic LFA: for serology
-RT-PCR: To confirm serology

42
Q

Treatment for HCV

A

Treatment for HCV is generally a combination of anti-virals
NOT VACCINE

43
Q

Which virus survives freezing and heating to 140 degrees Fahrenheit?

A

NOROVIRUS

44
Q

HAV treatment & prevention

A

-GamaSTAN S/D
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

-children routinely vaccinated

Microbiology Exam 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions