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Microbiology Exam 1 > Lecture 10: Respoiratory Viruses, Corona, Influenza > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Respoiratory Viruses, Corona, Influenza Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the top 2 viruses that constitutes for the majority of the cases for the common cold?
What are all the viruses that are considered part of the common cold?

A

-Rhinovirus A,B,C (MOST)
-Coronavirus (second most)
-adenovirus
-RSV

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2
Q

Why do we get so many colds?

A

-many different viruses can cause the common cold
-new cold viruses constantly develop
-the body never builds up resistance against all of them

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3
Q

Common cold transmitted by

A

-inhaling airborne virus
-direct contact with infected secretions

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4
Q

Rhinovirus A,B,C
Capsid
Genome
Envelope

A

Icosahedral
SsRNA (+)
Naked

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5
Q

Rhinovirus are distinguished from enteroviruses by?

A

-being acid-labile
-optimum growth temperature of 33
-causes mild URT

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6
Q

Rhinovirus spread through?

A

-respiratory secretions
-direct contact with fomites

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7
Q

Viral replication of Rhinovirus?
What is the cell receptor?
Do Rhinoviruses damage epithelial cells?

A

“Rhino” = nose
Replication is initiated in the nose to the receptor ICAM-1 at 33 degrees Celsius
-no!!!! Symptoms are thought to be to be immunopathological

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8
Q

Initial symptoms for the common cold?
Followed common symptoms?
Less common symptoms?

A

INITAL
-sore throat
-runny nose
FOLLOWED
-coughing
-sneezing
LESS COMMON. (More common in the flu)
-headaches
-body aches

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9
Q

Diagnosing and treatment for the common cold

A

-RT-PCR of the nasopharyngeal specimens
-BioFire film array
(Avoids unnecessary antibiotics prescriptions)
TREATMENT
=supportive care only

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10
Q

Coronavirus
Capsid
Genome
Envelop

A

Helical
SsRNA (+)
Enveloped

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11
Q

Which Human coronavirus account for 15% if annual colds?
Which animals serve as reservoirs for SARS( severe acute respiratory syndrome)

A

Coronavirus
-HKU1
-NL63
-OC43
-229E
*primarily spread person-to-person
Zoonosis
-Raccoon dog
-Chinese ferret badgers
-Masked-palm civet

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12
Q

Which animals serve as a reservoirs for MERS (Middle East Respiratory syndrome?

A

Zoonosis with:
-Dromedary Camel
-Egyptian Tomb Bat

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13
Q

Coronavirus virus transmission

A

-Respiratory droplets
-direct contact with fomites

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14
Q

Differentiate the symptoms b/w human coronavirus, SARS, and MERS
-similarities b/w all?
-similarities b/w Human coronavirus & SARS?
-similarities b/w SARS & MARS?
-differences

A

Similarities b/w all:
-fever
-cough
Similarities b/w human corona and SARS
-headache
Similarities b/w SARS and MERS
-Shortness of breath

-human corona = runny nose/sore throat
-SARS = myalgias, lymphopenia, Pneumonia
-MERS = nausea/vomitting (sometimes), pneumonia/kidney (only if other medical conditions)

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15
Q

Coronavirus pathogenesis
-human coronavirus vs. SARS vs. MERS

A

HUMAN CORONA VIRUS
Localized in URT (33-35)
SARS & MERS
Systemic (37)

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16
Q

COVID-19
-caused by?
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

A

-SARS-CoV2
-spherical
-(+) ssRNA
-yes

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17
Q

SARS-CoV-2 transmission

A

-zoonotic disease (bats)
-respiratory droplets (had to wear mask)
-lungs or eyes
-direct contact with fomites

SARS-CoV: (Raccoon dog, Chinese ferret badgers, masked-palm civet)

18
Q

SARS-CoV2 has tropism for?
Describe the process for binding

A

-oral mucosa, Lungs, GI tract, kidney, heart, blood vessels)
Require 2 proteins for entry (our cell receptors)
-ACE2
-TMPRSS2 = protease (its going to cleave the ACE2 cell receptor thus activating viral s-protein to bind)

Antigen = s-protein (S1)

*SARS + MERS = systemic

19
Q

Covid-19 clinical manifestations

A

-may be asymptomatic
-presymptomatic
-symptoms:
——-fever/chills **
——-cough **
——-shortness of breath ***
——- headache
——-myalgias

20
Q

COVID-19 diagnosis

A

approved sample types
-nasalpharyngeal swab
-saliva collection
-blood draw
Emergency situations
-RT-PCR
-ELISA
-LFA

21
Q

Influenza (FLU)
Caused by:
Capsid:
Genome:
Envelope:

A

-influenza A, B, and C
-helical
-(-) ssRNA
-yes

22
Q

Influenza virus A, B, and C:
Name their respective protein and genome

A

A:
-H, N, M2 protein
-8 genome segmented
B:
-H, N
-8 genome segmented
C:
-H,N,
-7 genome segmented
*H/N: are the 2 major antigens on the spike proteins
M2 protein = ion channel

23
Q

Influenza virus
-envelope glycoproteins (entry/release)
-serotypes

A

ENTRY
-Hemagglutinin (HA, H)
RELEASE
-Neuraminidase (NA, N)
18 = H
11 = N

24
Q

Reservoirs for Influenza A,B, and C

A

the virus can infect different species
A:
-humans, pigs, birds
B:
-humans
C:
-humans & pigs

25
Q

Pathogenesis for Influenza A,B, and C

A

epidemics/pandemics are due to changes in the structure of H/N proteins (antigenic shift/drift)
SHIFT:
Influenza A only
DRIFT:
Influenza A and B

26
Q

Which type of influenza are genetically more stable?

A

Influenza B

only reservoir for influenza B are humans

27
Q

Seasonal vs. Pandemic Flu (influenza)

A

Seasonal influenza strains
-antigenic DRIFT
-change gradually
-allows for specific influenza vaccines

Pandemic influenza strains
-antigenic SHIFT in viral envelope proteins
-cause illness and death in a large portions

28
Q

Antigenic drifts
-when does it happen
-happens over what time frame
-caused by
-results in
-needs

A

-H(mostly) and N genes
-2-3 aa/yr
-caused by mutations during replication of the RNA genome
-results in epidemics
-needs yearly flu vaccination

29
Q

Antigenic Shift
-when does it happen
-happens over what time frame
-caused by
-results in

A

-acquiring new H/N gene via reassortment
-quickly (w/n season)
-simultaneous infection with 2 strains of influenza A
-pandemics

30
Q

Influenza diagnosing

A

-often made clinically
-Rapid flu test
:Lateral Flow assay
-ELISA
:not useful
-RT-PCR
:BioFire film array
:differentiates b/w flu types

31
Q

Influenza treatment

A

-Oseltamivir
—Neuraminidase inhibitor
—FLU A/B w/n 48 hrs
-Baloxavir
—polymerase inhibitor
—-FLU A/B w/n 48 hrs

32
Q

BioFire Respiratory Panel

A

Viruses:
-Influenza A
-Influenza A/H1
-Influenza A/H3
-Influenza A/H1-2009
-Influenza B

RT-PCR= BioFire = differentiate b/w Flu types

33
Q

Influenza Prevention

A

each vaccine contains the two most prevalent strains of Influenza A + one/two of the most prevalent B strains

Two types of vaccines available for seasonal influenza
-killed virus = injected
-live virus = inhaled (non-preggo, healthy 2-49)

34
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

A

-variable shape
-SS RNA (-)
-yes

35
Q

RSV transmitted person to person via:

A

-coughing and sneezing
-fomites
-direct contact (kissing)

36
Q

RSV Symptoms
-appear first
-later
-symptoms

A

appear first:
=Runny nose
=Decrease appetite
1-3 days later
=coughing
After coughing
=sneezing
=fever
=wheezing

37
Q

RSV- severe presentation

A

CAUSE IN INFANTS/CHILDREN <1yoa
-bronchiolitis
-Pneumonia

38
Q

RSV diagnosis

A

-RT-PCR
-LFA for RSV antigen
— effective only in young children only b/c viral loads are too low in adults to be detected

39
Q

RSV treatment
Mild/severe

A

MILD
-supportive care
SEVERE
- O2 therapy
-Ribavirin
-Palivizumab is an anti-RSV mAb

40
Q

RSV Prophylaxis

A

Prophylaxis = attempts to prevent disease
-mABS (Beyfortus, Palivizumab)
-vaccines (Arexvy, Abrysvo)

41
Q

Which virus does NOT provide immunity when infected?

A

RSV may cause repeated infections

42
Q

RSV pathogenesis

A

-infects respiratory epithelium
-syncytium formation is how RSV spreads to adjacent cells avoiding the immune system
-the immune system responds to infected cells by causing swelling and formation of plugs
———bronchiolitis
———Issue for small airways of newborns

Microbiology Exam 1 (16 decks)

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