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Welfare > Lecture 11 - Beef production in Canada > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Beef production in Canada Flashcards

1
Q

How much beef in Canada is processed in Alberta

A

over 70%

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2
Q

How much does the beef industry generate in Alberta annually

A

5.2 Billion

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3
Q

how much beef produced in Alberta is exported

A

~45%

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4
Q

Around how many beef farms are there in canada

A

71,075 farms

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5
Q

when are calves sold

A

at weaning

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6
Q

what months are calves weaned

A

october - nov

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7
Q

how old are calves when they are sold

A

6-8 months

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8
Q

describe how calves are preconditioned before being sold

A
  • vaccinated and treated for parasites (at 4 months of age and 3 weeks prior to shipping
  • weaned (45 days), castrated, dehorned well before transport
  • ready to eat solid feed from a bunk
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9
Q

how do cows get backgrounded? (thanks nicole <3)

A
  • growing out calves before they are fed a high energy diet
  • high forage diets promote slower rate of gain
  • this stops calves from reaching market condition (back fat) at too light a weight
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10
Q

how long are cows backgrounded for

A

on the pasture of feedlot for 90 days

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11
Q

what is the backgrounding diet composition

A

70-85% forage (barley/corn silage)
15-30% grain
transition diet

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12
Q

what is the finishing diet composed of

A

80-90% concentrate - barely grain/ corn silage

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13
Q

how are cows finished

A
  • re-implanted and vaccinated
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14
Q

what is the finish weight range

A

650-850 kg (1400-1800 pounds)

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15
Q

what are some painful procedures done on feedlots

A

dehorning, castration (surgical and band), branding, spaying - painful at any age

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16
Q

What are some ways physiology is measured on a feedlot

A
  • cortisol (saliva and hair)
  • immune response - CBC, RBC, WBC, platelets, N:L
  • substance P
  • acute phase proteins: Haptoglobin and SAA
  • inflammatory response (infrared)
  • weight
  • rectal temp, mortality
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17
Q

what are some indicators of pain in 1 week calves after band castration

A

Lying duration, Standing and lying, rumination

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18
Q

what are some indicators of pain in 1 week calves after knife castration

A

tail flick, stride length, VAS, scrotal swelling d7

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19
Q

what are some indicators of pain in 2 month old calves after knife castration

A

salivary cortisol,
- lying, walking, standing, eating duration %
- VAS

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20
Q

what are some indicators of pain in 4 month old calves after band castration

A

salivary cortisol, standing bouts, lying bouts

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21
Q

what are some indicators of pain in 4 month old calves after knife castration

A

tail flick, stride length, VAS, standing and lying duration, active behaviours

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22
Q

what are some effects of band castration on acute pain in 1 week calves

A
  • increase cortisol
  • increase SAA D 35
  • increase RBC
  • increase VAS
  • increase leg movement
  • increase vocalizations
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23
Q

what are some acute pain effects during/after knife castration in 1 wk calves

A
  • increased cortisol
  • increase SAA D 0,2,3
  • increased RBS
  • decrease in base temperature
  • increased VAS
  • increased leg movements
  • increased vocalizations
  • increased tail flicks
  • increased lateral laying
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24
Q

what are the effects of using meloxicam on acute pain during/after castration in 1 wk calves

A

in non medicated calves there is an increase in
- substance P, WBC, tail flicks, lying duration, lateral lying and SAA

in medicated there is only an increase in tail flicks

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25
Q

at what age is castration performed

A

as early as possible when testes are small

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26
Q

which heals faster… surgical methods or rubber band

A

wound heals fastest with surgical methods
(rubber band can cause a delay in wound healing)

27
Q

does anesthesia alone eliminate acute pain from castration

A

naur

28
Q

why are analgesics used in castration

A

they mitigate longterm pain

29
Q

what is the optimal way to mitigate pain from castration

A

a combination of anesthesia and analgesia

30
Q

what is an alternative method of castration

A

immuno-castration

31
Q

at what age should dehorning be performed

A

as early as possible when horns are in the bud stage (1-12 weeks of age)

32
Q

what is the main method used for dehorning

A

hot-iron in bud stage

33
Q

how are anesthetics and analgesics used in dehorning

A

a combination of local anesthetic and analgesic

34
Q

what is an alternative method of dehorning

A

homozygous polled sires - does not affect productivity

35
Q

when is BRD (shipping fever) most common

A

within the first 30 days of calf arrival to feed lots

36
Q

what is the disease complex associated with

A

bacterial and viral pathogens

37
Q

what does BRD result in

A

labour and lost production (reduced feed, water intake, carcass quality, gain)

38
Q

what are some external risk factors associated with BRD

A

dehorned, time in transit, vaccination, deprivation of feed and water, handling, loading and unloading, enviro. factors, crowding, castration, social regrouping, branded, novelty, auction, weaned, vibration, noise, pre-transport management… i feel like we wont need to know these

39
Q

what are some internal factors to BRD (what makes a cattle “high risk”)

A

genetics, experiences, health and fitness

40
Q

what percentage of euthanized cattle is due to lameness

A

7.8%

41
Q

what is the treatment cost of lameness in a catte

A

$8.4-42.2 dollars

42
Q

what is the production loss estimate for a cow that is lame

A

$81.4/ animal

43
Q

what are some strategies to reduce lameness

A
  • reduce handling
  • manage pen conditions and effects of season
  • Cattle type: holsteins less likely to be lame than winter placed calves
  • pen density/ bunk size: increasing by 1m decreases lameness
  • diet: increase forage
44
Q

what are some stressors associated with transport

A

transport, duration, restriction of feed and water, handling, novel environement, mixing at auction, environmental conditions, loading density, energy to maintain balance, injury

45
Q

during transport, when is weight loss the greatest

A

during first few hours

46
Q

what are some ways cows lose weight during transport

A

excretion of feces, urine, evaporation and respiration

47
Q

what is shrink related to

A

feed and water deprivation

48
Q

what is shrink >10% associated with

A

reduced feedlot performance, increased morbidity (BRD)

49
Q

explain microclimate during transportation

A

microclimate varies between different compartments within a trailer, challenges thermoregulatory capabilities of cattle

50
Q

at what temperature does mortality increase sharply during transport

A

-15*C

51
Q

at what temperature is there greater lameness and less ambulation during transport

A

greater than 20*C

52
Q

during a single trip, how does temperature change

A

ex. during transportation from Alberta to cali, can experience -30 to +30

53
Q

what is the temperature range over 18 months during transportation

A

-42C to 46C

54
Q

what are the effects of transport duration and temperature on shrink

A

as temperature and time increase, shrink increases as well

55
Q

what are the effects of feed withdrawal in cows

A
  • decrease in blood glucose
  • glycogen stores used in fasting (first liver then muscles)
  • increased free fatty acids used by tissues (can be damaging)
  • reduced lipids (triglyceride)
56
Q

what are some post transport effects of time off feed and water

A
  • poor feedlot performance
  • depletion of body fat reserves
  • neuroendocrine stress
57
Q

what are the effects of mud being used in housing

A
  • risk factors for lameness, injury and hoof related disease
  • mud buildup on hide –> increased heat loss
  • difficult to walk, decrease weight gain and lying time
58
Q

what are the effects of cold stress on cows

A

increases amount of energy required for growth, maintenance and to maintain body temperature

59
Q

when is heat the most stressful for cows

A

generally more stressful early in summer before cattle have acclimated

60
Q

how can the negative effects of mud being used on a feedlot be mitigated

A
  • increase bedding amount or frequency
  • increase pen cleaning frequency
  • ensure proper drainage
  • reduce stocking density
61
Q

how can the negative effects of the cold be reduced

A

increase bedding, feed amount and type, wind fence , shelter

62
Q

how can the effects of heat be reduced

A

water availability, shade, coat colour, sprinklers

63
Q

what are high concentrate diets (ex. 40-90% grain) associated with

A

nutritional disease, acidosis, liver abscesses, laminitis

64
Q

name some strategies to reduce acidosis

A
  • feed adequate amounts of fiber
  • feeding ionophores - alter ruminal
  • fermentation and feeding behaviour
  • gradual adaptation over 3-4 weeks
  • feeding buffers (sodium bicarb, seaweed)

Welfare (16 decks)

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