lecture 10-The development of language comprehension Flashcards
language comprehension or production
Language Comprehension precedes Language Production
Language development involves the mastery of three components:
Language generativity
Semantic development
Pragmatic development
Language Generativity
Phoneme: The basic unit of sound used to produce language.
Phonological development: The acquisition of knowledge about the sound systems of one’s own language.
Morpheme: The smallest unit of meaningful sound, usually one or two phonemes.
semantic development
Learning to express meaning in language; includes word learning.
Syntax: The rules for the ways in which words can be combined to make sense.
Syntactic development: Learning the rules for combining words in a given language
Pragmatic Development
- Acquiring knowledge about how language is used, such as the rules for conversation.
- Adults have metalinguistic knowledge, knowledge about the properties of language and language use, that children do not have
Language and the Brain
Language is a species-specific behavior.
Only humans acquire language in the normal course of development, although some primates have been taught to sign and recognize words.
Language seems to be localized in the brain.
For 90% of right-handed people, language is primarily controlled in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
Is Language Acquisition “Special”?
Until the 1940s and 1950s, general view that learning language was like any other form of learning.
Behaviourist traditions - form associations between sounds and meanings.
But various experiences (mainly failures…) led to the realisation that something different was going on with language.
Critical Period for Language Development
There seems to be a critical period (between the ages of 5 and puberty) during which language develops readily and after which language acquisition is harder and less successful.
Evidence:
1.The effect of language deprivation during the critical period
2.The effects of damage to language areas in the brain (children recover more readily than adults).
3.The ages at which a second language is acquired
Language Deprivation
Chelsea: First language experience at 31 years
Isabelle: First language experience at 6 years
Genie: First language experience at 13.5 years
Victor: (the “wild boy of Aveyron”)
First language experience at 12 years
Brain Damage
Differences in recovery rate and extent of recovery in patients with aphasia:
children recover faster than adults
more likely than adults to show full recovery
Differences in progress in language acquisition before vs. after puberty in mentally retarded
Problem: we are not dealing with normal brains
Second Language Acquisition
Johnson and Newport (1989): Korean and Chinese people who had come to the US at different ages:
early arrivals (before age 15)
late arrivals (after age 17)
Matched in “experience”
Judged whether spoken sentences were grammatical or not
Participants who began earlier did better:
before age 7, like native speakers
Decline in performance began at age 8 - even earlier than puberty – but decline was gradual
Language and the Human Environment
Having a human brain is not sufficient for language to develop.
As already discussed, language requires exposure to other people and using language with them.
Caregivers and siblings begin to communicate through language with infants almost from birth.
Speech Perception
Acquiring language involves listening and talking and understanding what others are communicating. Involves:
Categorical Perception
Prosody
Speech Perception – Categorical Perception
- Infants and adults can perceive speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories.
- Phonemic contrast ability appears to be innate, present at birth and independent of experience.
- Infants can make sharp distinctions between speech sounds.
- Infants can distinguish new sounds from ones they already know.
How can we examine what babies hear?
Eimas et al (see Eimas 1985): clever non-nutritive sucking methodology.
Babies are attached to a nipple, which is in turn attached to a tape recorder.
Every time they suck, they hear sounds from the tape recorder.
Babies soon learn to suck at high amplitudes to hear the tape recorder.
Changes in sucking rate tell us what contrasts babies are sensitive to.
Keep the same sound and the babies will gradually slow down their sucking.
When they perceive change, quickly speed up again…