Lecture 10: Small Animal thorax and Diaphragm Flashcards
The trachea is a tube that extends from the ___cartilage of the larynx to its ___in the thorax
Cricoid cartilage, biforcation
What is the tracheal carina
Structure that lies at the crest of the bifurcation where the trachea splits
How many C shaped hyaline cartilages line the trachea
35-40
What muscle lines the often part of the C-shaped hyaline tracheal cartilages
Trachealis muscle
Is the trachealis muscle dorsal or ventral
Dorsal
What structure unites the hyaline tracheal cartilage rings
Annular ligaments of the trachea
When does the bronchial tree begin
Bifurcation of the trachea
The right and left principal bronchi divide into __
Lobar bronchi
What structure is used to identify the lung lobes
Lobar bronchi
Lobar bronchi divide into
Segmental bronchi
Which lung/bronchus segment lacks hyaline cartilage
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles give rise to ___. ___ and ___
Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and pulmonary alveoli
what is wrong
Tracheal collapse
What breeds commonly get tracheal collapse
Middle aged toy breeds, Yorkies and poms
What happens during tracheal collapse
C-shaped tracheal cartilage weakens and collapses progressively over time
What are the two types/regions of tracheal collapse
Intra or extra thoracic
What form of tracheal collapse is occurring when signs worsen during inspiration
Extrathoracic
What form of tracheal collapse is occurring when signs worse during expiration
Intrathoracic
What is grade I tracheal collapse
Tracheal membrane is slightly pendulous, cartilage maintains normal shape and lumen size is reduced by 25%
What is grade II tracheal collapse
Tracheal membrane is widened and pendulous, cartilage is partially flattened, and lumen size is reduced by 50%
Grade III tracheal collapse
Tracheal membrane almost in contact with the ventral trachea, cartilage is nearly flat and lumen size is reduced by 75%
Grade IV tracheal collapse
Tracheal membrane lying on dorsal cartilage, cartilage is flattened and may invert, and lumen is essentially closed
What grades is medical management reasonable for tracheal collapse
Grade I and II
What are some medical management options for grade I and II tracheal collapse
- Weight loss plan
- Harness instead of collars
- Avoid respiratory irritants
- Steroids, antiussives, bronchodilators, and sedatives
What are two surgical options to treat tracheal collapse
Extraluminal rings and intraluminal stents
What is the thoracic inlet
Opening into the cranial part of the thoracic cavity
What could happen to patient under anesthesia if your ET tube is passed the thoracic inlet
You would only be inflating one lung/side because your tube is passed he bifurcation
What is the mediastinum
Central compartment of the thoracic cavity
What does the cranial mediastinum contain
Trachea, esophagus, thymus
What does the middle mediastinum contain
Heart
What does the dorsal mediastinum contain
Major pulmonary vessels, aorta, thoracic duct
What does the caudal mediastinum contain
Aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus nerve, etc.
Identify 1-14
1.right cranial lung lobe
2. Right middle lung lobe
3. Right caudal lung lobe
4. Accessory lung lobe
5. Cranial part of left cranial lung lobe
6. Caudal part of left cranial lung lobe
7. Left caudal lung lobe
8. Caudal mediastinum
9. Trachea
10. Right ventricle
11. Left ventricle
12 aorta
13. Caudal vena cava
14. Heart
What is #2
Bronchus to right cranial lung lobe
Left lateral thoracic the __side is down and ___ side is up
Left down, right up
In a left lateral thoracic rad which side of the lungs has more air
Right
During a left lateral thoracic radiograph there is more air in the right side, therefore which side is easier to see
Left side, less air so can see more soft tissue opacity
__produces large impression on the medial surface of each lung
Heart
What side is the cardiac notch on
Right
If you are doing a pericardiocentesis which side should you do it from and why
The right, because you are aiming for the cardiac notch
What side is the accessory lobe of the lung on
Right
What is the alveolar disease pattern
When air within alveoli is replaced with a denser material (ex: pus), increasing opacity
What is a bronchial disease pattern
When bronchial wall thickness is increased by cellular or fluid infiltration
What are the two types of interstitial disease patterns
Structured and unstructured
What is structured interstitial disease patterns
Nodular or mass lesions in the lung
What is unstructured interstitial disease pattern
Excess fluid, cellular in growth, or inflation into the supporting interstitial framework of the lung
What are air bronchograms
Air filled bronchus transversing a region of abnormal lung where alveolar air has been replaced by hemorrhage
What is the lobar sign in pulmonary disease
Sharp margin crated when a lobe with increased opacity abuts a normally aerated lobe that has less opacity
What are the 2 hallmarks of bronchial pattern
Ring shadows and tram lines
*tram lines more present
What are ring shadows
Crated by the x-ray beam hitting an abnormal bronchus head on