Equine Head and Neck Flashcards
when is a nagogastric intubation passed?
to drain horse GI contents
they cant vomit
where should the nasogastric tube go?
ventral to ventral nasal meatus
VENTRAL
why do you put a nasogastric tube ventral?
if not will hit ethmoid turbinates
like to bleed
what will bleed when you hit while passing a nagogastric tube?
ethmoid turbinates
what is located at this line in the nasal cavity?
ethmoid turbinates
where is the sweet spot for a jugular venipuncture?
middle of the neck
what is significant about a jugular vein distal and proximal?
distal - jugular close to common carotid
proximal - omohyoideus muscle gets thicker
Describe Dental anatomy - tridan system
how many paranasal sinuses do horses have?
6
list the paranasal sinuses
what are the clinically relevant paranasal sinuses?
frontal and maxillary
where do ethmoid hematomas happens?
frontal sinuses
what can happen with ethmoid hematoma
mild, intermittent, unilateral epistaxis (bloody nose)
what is in the right picture? left picture normal
ethmoid hematoma
which side has the ethmoid hematoma?
right
what divides the maxillary sinuses?
osseous septa
what teeth communicate with the rostral compartment of the maxillary sinus?
109/209
what teeth communicate with the caudal compartment of the maxillary sinus?
110/210 & 111/211
what can tooth root infections lead to?
secondary sinusitis
what would be going where the red line is?
nasogastric tube
what is the guttural pouch?
paired extensions of eustachian tubes
connects pharynx to middle ear
what two structures does the guttural pouch connect?
pharynx to middle ear
what are the theorized functions of the guttural pouch?
pressure equilibration across tympanic membrane, warming of inhaled air, resonating chamber for vocalization, floatation device, brain cooling
what structure is where the red is?
guttural pouch
what runs through the guttural pouch? major anatomical marker
stylohyoid bone
what does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx through?
nasopharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube
what are the structures?
what important structures are in the guttural pouch?
external carotid artery
internal carotid artery
cranial nerves 9-12
where does the external carotid artery lie in the guttural pouch?
along wall of lateral compartment
where does the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves 9-12 lie in the guttural pouch?
fold of mucous membrane along caudal wall of medial compartment
how are cranial nerves affected if the guttural pouch is compromised?
CN 9 - dysphagia
CN 10 - facial paralysis
CN 11 - spinal accessory
CN 12 - dysphagia
label each arrow
what is guttural pouch mycosis?
fungal infection in guttural pouch
what species are found in guttural pouch mycosis?
aspergillus species
Is guttural pouch mycosis usually unilateral or bilateral?
unilateral
what is the diphtheritic membrane composed of in a guttural pouch mycosis?
necrotic tissues
cellular debris
bacteria & fungal mycelia
what happens when the fungal plaque from guttural pouch mycosis erodes through the carotid artery?
severe, often fatal bilateral epistaxis
label the image
what is laryngeal hemiplegia?
paralysis of half the larynx
what is damaged in laryngeal hemiplegia?
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle paralyzed
what sinus is each color?
where does the maxillary sinus drain to?
middle meatus
