Lecture 10: Programming and Problematizing Flashcards
How does social influence become more complicated when family is Involved?
What is the nature of family influence on MA’s?
- Typically have to carve out time for leisure pursuits OR take time from other activities to do sports.
- Buying time or bargaining for time (ex. you do one thing for the family, you receive the opportunity to do sport).
- Sharing time so both participants can do sport.
Nature of Family Influence:
- Males take or buy time.
- Females buy or share time.
Further explain the layers of Accommodating Social Support; how can spouses and children affect?
Spouses:
- Required because of either time conflicts or other priorities.
- Women MA’s typically have greater conflicts, and women spouses are more accommodating.
- Masters sports can cause conflicts, very important to negotiate leisure time.
- Need to have respect on both sides.
- Controlling leisure, or leisure controlling you.
Children:
- General support from kids.
- Children involvement in sport can influence MA’s own involvement.
- Can act as a barrier for MA’s, co-scheduling becomes beneficial.
- kids watch and admire MA’s (role models).
Name and describe the types of Social Support:
Active:
- Attendance (there watching).
- Encouragement.
- Co-participation.
Passive:
- Accepting.
- Allowing.
Accommodating:
- Negotiating.
- Scheduling around MA’s sport.
What two obstacles need to be addressed to make adult sport more accessible?
Knowledge Barrier (Information Obstacle) = Need promotional campaigns.
Experimental Barrier (Programming Obstacle) = Program to peoples motives AND program led by better coaches.
Describe the 4 groups of people:
- The Engaged:
- Knows what MA sport is and what it has to offer.
- Knows the benefits.
- Has the resources and is interested. - The Uninterested:
- Same as the engaged, except they are not interested, sport isn’t for them. - The Interested, but Underprivileged:
- Want to join, but either don’t have the resources, funds, or ability to. - The Unaware:
- don’t know much about adult sport, the benefits, and the richness of experience.
Know lots about 1 and 2, NEED TO TARGET 3 AND 4 WHEN PROMOTING!!!
What is the secret to attracting more people to adult sport? How does Gain Frame (GF) Messaging play a role in this?
Secret to attracting more people may be promoting MANY discrete Involvement Opportunities (IO’s), especially the ones that people see as personally relevant.
GF Messaging = manipulating content of messages with persuasive communication to enact behavioral changes
- looking to take gainful messages and show them to people so they can see themselves as possible self in sport.
Describe the Lithopoulos, Rathwell, and Young (2015) study on GF messaging. Who was their target group? What was the procedure? What was the outcome?
The 2015 study looked to see if GF messaging for adult sport could influence the Possible (sport) Selves of prospective participants.
Targeted sample = 40-59yrs old Canadians (40% female) who were healthy and NOT doing sport.
- 2 groups:
- Gain-Frame-Group (GFG): watch a 3 min online presentation that emphasizes 9 IO’s
- Comparison Group (QG): quiz about PA.
Results:
- GFG more likely to activate a possible sport self immediately after watching the video.
- GFG described more phrases (bits of info) per personal sport self after the video.
- GFG also more likely to describe phrases related to “delaying effects of aging” and “being with friends”.
- When looking at results on a graph, anything above the dotted line means recalled through memory rather than chance.
- Messaging on health and fitness was attenuated far more than any other message.
Describe the study by Vallerand and Young (2014): what was the aim of the study? Who were they looking to study? What were the results?
The 2014 study looked to study the heterogeneity of adult sports peoples motives and to determine whether the motivational profile of sports people differs from exercisers.
- Wanted to determine if sport programs engage prospective participants preferred motives.
- COMMON MYTHS:
- Most MA’s are type-A people driven to compete, while the remained of adult sports people are there to socialize.
- Studied 35-57yrs old Canadian (56% female) who were highly active in organized sport OR exercise.
- When examining sport and exercise levels, the only difference was greater competition and social affiliation in sport.
- When examining sport and exercise commitment, had positives for both in enjoyment, social affiliation and stress reduction.
- More goals and challenges in sport, but also worst thoughts on appearance in sport. - When examining sport and exercise buffer vs lapse, had same effects as commitment, except now both groups had an increase in thoughts on health and improved thoughts on stress reduction.
Conclusion: Set size of already important motives for involved sports people and exercisers is 3 motives.
Define Multifinality. How many motives do sport and exercise groups need to achieve maximum commitment?
Multifinality = when individuals possess numerous yet distinct goals, which might be satisfied through the participation in only one activity, where the activity is highly valued.
- The more personally meaningful reasons a person can do their activity, the more likely they can stay committed and persevere at it.
- For sport, need 2-3 motives to accommodate for maximum commitment.
- For exercise, need 4 or more motives to accommodate for maximum commitment.
What are the take home messages for programming?
- Focusing on enjoyment and social connections is a good bet in general.
- Program to multiple, meaningful motives when working with adults.
- Masters athletes may want more opportunities for competition and challenge.
What is the issue with problematizing sport for all, and how does that relate to the 3rd group of people (interested but unable)?
Lots of social inequities that prevent opportunities to pursue activity.
- Socioeconomic advantages
- White and Westernized
- Highly educated
- Already active people
Sociocultural factors that shape MA sport experiences are discounted because research is usually conducted on adults that are white, middle class, and those that can afford time, travel and costs with participating in sport.
- Average yearly investment in sport for men is higher than in women.
- The higher income one has, the more likely they are to do sport.
- Majority of people that participate in World Masters Games have an annual income of over $100,000 CAD, and almost 80% have a post secondary degree or higher.
What is the risk in normalizing sport for all, and how should it be worked on instead?
Sport activity is impractical for many people:
- Unfair to imply that it SHOULD be practiced by everyone.
- Older adults who use sport to set back fears of ill health/age decline place responsibility on themselves for maintaining health and performance.
- Risk of victim blaming.
Need more emphasis on community based strategies and policies to make adult sport more accessible for more people.
- INC promotion and inclusivity.
- Involve older adults in assessing and planning for community needs.
