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MICROBIO Lecture > Lecture 10 Photosynthesis, Anabolism and Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Photosynthesis, Anabolism and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of Photosynthesis?

A
  • Light energy trapped, converted to chemical (light reactions)
  • Chemical used to reduce CO2 and synthesize cell material (dark reactions)
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2
Q

What are Chlorophylls and what reaction do they take part in?

A
  • Light Reactions: Trapping Light

- Major light-absorbing pigments - eukaryotes cyanobacteria

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3
Q

What are bacteriochlorophylls

A
  • Major light-absorbing pigments -purple, green bacteria
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4
Q

What do accessory pigments do?

A
  • Transfer light energy to chlorophylls
  • Absorb different wavelengths that chlorophylls
  • Quench toxic forms of oxygen (photoprotection, antioxidants)
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5
Q

Beta - Carotene is what?

A

An accessory pigment that gives carrots there orange color.

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6
Q

Lycopene is what?

A

An accessory pigment that gives tomatoes there red color.

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7
Q

In cyanobacteria and Plant, chlorophylls and accessory pigments are assembled into light-harvesting arrays called ___ that are embedded in membranes called ___

A

Photosystem, Thylakoids

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8
Q

Describe how Photosystems work

A
  • absorbs light energy from photons
  • Energy transferred to rxn center
  • Chlorophyll electrons excited and passed to the first acceptor in ETC
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9
Q

Describe cyclic photophosphorylation

A

PSI

ATP via ETC, PMF and FoF1 ATP synthase

REVIEW SLIDE

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10
Q

Describe Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

A

PSI and PSII
ATP and NADH
-Electrons lost to NADP in PSI
-Replenished by splitting water in PSII

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11
Q

Describe the light reactions for green and purple bacteria

A
  • takes place in the plasma membrane
  • Bacteriochlorophyll
  • Anoxygenic (use H2, H2S or organic matter as electron donor)
  • Only one photosystem (PSI)
  • Generates ATP but no NADPH
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12
Q

How do green and purple bacteria generate NADPH?

A
  • Reverse electron transport
  • Use proton motive force to drive electrons backwards
  • To reduce NADP to NADPH
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13
Q

Look at table 11.8

A

Look at table 11.8

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14
Q

Microbial Rhodopsin

A
  • Pigment protein
  • In plasma membrane
  • 7 transmembrane helices
  • Pigment = Retinal
    • absorbs light
    • causes conformational changes in rhodopsin
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15
Q

Rhodopsin, Retinal and Retinal

A

Rhodopsin is also found in the retina of the eye, where it functions as a light sensitive receptor protein, enabling vision in low light

its pigment Retinal is produced from retinal a form of vitamin A

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16
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy

uses ATP and reducing power often in the form of NADPH

17
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle?

A

Anabolic Pathway for Fixing CO2 into Carbohydrate

  • Dark reactions of photosynthesis
  • Energy demanding
  • Chloroplasts - plants
  • Cytoplasm - bacteria
  • Crucial to life, provides organic matter for heterotrophs (use reduced organic molecules as C sources)
18
Q

Review the Calvin Cycle Fig 12.4

A

Review the Calvin Cycle Fig 12.4

19
Q

Review the Reductive TCA Cycle Fig 12.5

A

Review the Reductive TCA Cycle Fig 12.5

20
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A
  • Glucose synthesis
  • Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria
    • humans use to
      maintain blood
      glucose levels
      Requires ATP and GTP
  • 6 enzymes also used in glycolysis but 4 unique to gluconeogenesis
21
Q

What are the 3 processes of genetic information flow?

A
  1. ) DNA replication
  2. ) Transcription
  3. ) Translation
22
Q

What is a Gene?

A
  • Functional unit of genetic information
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Genes: pilA, lacZ
  • Proteins: PilA, LacZ
23
Q

What is a Genome?

A
  • All genetic material in cell or virus

- Bacterial genomes consist of one (usually) or more DNA chromosomes

24
Q

What is a Genotype?

A
  • Specific set of genes carried in the genome
25
Q

Describe the Promotor region in a gene

A

Where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

26
Q

Describe the Operator Region

A

Where repressor proteins bind to block transcription

27
Q

What are Inducers?

A

Molecules the bind repressors

28
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • Sugar (Ribose)
  • Nitrogenous Base (A,G,T,C)
  • Phosphates group.
29
Q

What is the size of DNA expressed as?

A
  • base pairs (bp)

- bacterial genomes vary greatly: one of the smallest- Mycoplasma - 580kb encoding 480 proteins.

MICROBIO Lecture (9 decks)

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