Lecture 10- Other Senses

Question 1

method of tenacity

Answer 1

true because it is common knowledge, common sense

Question 2

equilibrioception

Answer 2

a sense of balance, often overlooked 6th sense
- also an external sense that provides you with info about the group you are/aren’t standing on

Question 3

vestibular labyrinth

Answer 3

occupy a membranous, fluid-filled sac that is in a cavity near the temporal bone, the non-hearing part of the inner ear, near the cochlea

Question 4

3 semicircular canals in the vestibular labyrinth

Answer 4

anterior, posterior, horizontal

Question 5

2 otolith organs in the vestibular labyrinth

Answer 5

1. utricle
2. saccule

Question 6

vestibular organs are innervated by the vestibular nerve, which joins the auditory
(cochlear) nerve to form cranial nerve VIII:

Answer 6

vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 7

semicircular canals

Answer 7

filled with a fluid called perilymph
- smaller donut inside larger toroid- formed by a membrane filled with endolymph fluid

Question 8

perilymph

Answer 8

fluid in semicircular canals

Question 9

otolith organs

Answer 9

sense acceleration and tilt
- 2 in each ear: utricle and saccule
- each contains a macula

Question 10

utricle

Answer 10

contains about 30,000 hair cells

Question 11

saccule

Answer 11

contains about 16,000 hair cells

Question 12

macula

Answer 12

found in otolith organs
- anatomical region that can be distinguished from the surrounding tissue

Question 13

nociceptors

Answer 13

sensory receptors in your skin that register pain

Question 14

Instrumental Conditioning/ Learning:
law of effect

Answer 14

if a response in the presence of a stimulation leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Question 15

B.F. Skinner

Answer 15

-principle of reinforcement
-created prototype experimental procedure, using rats and “operant chamber” called “skinner box”

Question 16

A: B —> C

Answer 16

A is the antecedent, which gets the scene set
B is the behaviour, but you guessed that ill bet
C is the consequence, the effect of letter B
ANTECEDENT doesnt cause the behaviour, but creates a favourable opportunity for the behaviour to occur
BEHAVIOUR is a voluntary action
CONSEQUENCE is the most important part of instrumental conditioning

Question 17

CONSEQUENCE “good”

Answer 17

behaviour more likely to be repeated

Question 18

CONSEQUENCE “bad”

Answer 18

behaviour less likely to be repeated

Question 19

reinforcers

Answer 19

consequences that make a behaviour more likely to occur

Question 20

punishers

Answer 20

consequences that make a behaviour less likely to occur

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE: both punishers and reinforcers can be “positive” or “negative”

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

positive reinforcer

Answer 22

give to encourage

Question 23

negative reinforcer

Answer 23

take to encourage

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

add to discourage

Question 25

negative punishment

Answer 25

take to discourage

Question 26

motivation-decision model

Answer 26

brain automatically and continuously evaluates the pros and cons of any situation

Question 27

allodynia

Answer 27

chronic pain caused by non-noxious stimulus

Question 28

thermoreceptors

Answer 28

sensory receptors that signal info about changes in skin temperature
- warmth fibres and cold fibres
- respond when you make contact with an object warmer/colder than your skin

Question 29

how do odorants stimulate somatosensory system

Answer 29

through polymodal nociceptors (touch, pain, temperature receptors)

Question 30

what nerve are sensations mediated by

Answer 30

trigeminal nerve (CNS)

Question 31

pathway of taste processing in the CNS pathway

Answer 31

taste buds
cranial nerves
medulla
thalamus
cortices

Question 32

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 32

part of the frontal lobe of the cortex that lies above the bone (orbit) containing the eyes
- involved in processing of of temperature, touch, smell, taste

Question 33

kinesthetic receptors

Answer 33

mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints

Question 34

satiety

Answer 34

hunger signals