Lecture 10: Motivation

Question 1

The concept of motivation

Answer 1

• The arousal, direction and persistence of behaivour
  o Forces external and internal to a person
  o Motivation affects productivity

Question 2

intrinsic reward

Answer 2

o The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action

Question 3

Extrinsic rewards

Answer 3

a reward given by another person

Question 4

Content perspectives on motivation

Answer 4

• a group of theories that emphasis the needs that motivate people
  o hierarchy of needs theory
  o ERG theory
  o Two-factor theory
  o Acquired needs theory

Question 5

Hierarchy of needs theory

Answer 5

1. physiological needs
2. safety needs
3. belongingness needs
4. esteem needs
5. self-actualization needs

Question 6

ERG theory

Answer 6

Existence needs (food)
Relatedness needs (social status)
Growth needs (intrinsic motivation)

Question 7

Two-factory theory

Answer 7

1. Motivators (job satisfaction)
2. Hygiene factors (job dissatisfaction)

Question 8

Process Perspective on Motivation

Answer 8

• Process (behaviours) theories
  o Explains how employees select behaviours with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful (equity theory, expectancy theory and goal-setting theory)

Question 9

Equity theory

Answer 9

o Focuses in individuals’ perception of how fairly they are treated relative to others
o Equity is when the ratio of one person’s outcome to inputs equals that of another’s
o Ways to reduce inequity is to change inputs, change outcomes, distort perceptions or leave the job

Question 10

Expectancy theory

Answer 10

o Proposes that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform a tasks and receive desired rewards
o Three elements to this is: effort, performance and outcomes

Question 11

Goal setting theory

Answer 11

Motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted by sub ordinates

Question 12

Reinforcement theory

Answer 12

• Based on the relationship between a given behaviour and its consequences
• Focuses in modification of employee behaivour through rewards and punishments
• Reinforcement tools:
  o Behaivour modification
  o Law of effect: - Positive reinforcement - Negative reinforcement - Punishment
• Extinction

Question 13

Job design for motivation

Answer 13

• Job design is the application of motivational theories ti the structure of work
  1. Job simplification
  2. Job rotation
  3. Job enlargement
  4. Job enrichment
  5. Job characteristics model
  • 5 dimensions of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback

Question 14

Empowering for motivation

Answer 14

• Empowering people to meet higher needs, empowering employees:
  o Receive information about organisational performance
  o Have knowledge and skills to contribute to organisational goals
  o Have power to make substantive decisions
  o Are rewarded based on organisational performance