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NEUR2200 > Lecture 10: Emotional & Motivated Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Emotional & Motivated Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotion

A

Subjective feelings interpreted by neural signals in the brain

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2
Q

Define motivation

A

Actions that are interpreted as purposeful and goal oriented

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3
Q

What are innate releasing mechanisms

A

A template that is specifically activated under the right environmental stimuli, it is present at birth, and creates adaptive responses that aid in survival

Eg. Kittens recognize aggressive posture and have responsive behaviour without being taught or observing their mother

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4
Q

What is a drive induced behaviour

A

Model of behaviour that suggests once started it will continue until energy in reservoir for specific behaviour drive is gone (flush model assumes separate stores for different behaviours)

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5
Q

What is learned taste aversion

A

Developing an aversion to a good by associating its odor/taste to an illness

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6
Q

What are non regulatory behaviours

A

Ones that don’t necessarily effect the immediate survival of animal. Influenced by environmental stimuli, mostly mediated by forebrain structures, examples: curiosity, sexual reproduction ,

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7
Q

What are regulatory behaviours

A

That are necessary for immediate survivial, homeostatic systems like temperature, water content dietary nutrients. Takes several different brain regions but is governed by the hypothalamus.

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8
Q

Name two systems hypothalamus influences

A

Endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What do hypothalamic neurons produce?

A

Peptides

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10
Q

List the two ways hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and released into the pituitary

A
  1. The hypothalamus sends via axons to the posterior pituitary, then into the blood
  2. Hypothalamus secretes into capillaries which carry hormones to anterior pituitary
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11
Q

What is the name of the tract connecting the lower brainstem to various brain structures, like the forebrain, basal ganglia, limbic system, etc

A

Medial forebrain tract

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12
Q

What controls the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Feedback loops
  2. Experiential control, sensing changes that hormones have placed on the body
  3. Neural control, brain regions receiving signals can send signals to hypothalamus
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13
Q

Via what system does the hypothalamus control some behaviours

A

The limbic system, via neural circuitry

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14
Q

List five components of the limbic system

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Hypocampal formation
  3. Mammillary nucleus
  4. Amygdala
  5. Prefrontal cortex
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15
Q

Describe the neurons of the amygdala

A

They are multimodal, responding to more than one sense. They receive input from many different system, but require complex stimuli to be excited.

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16
Q

What parts of the frontal lobes are most involved with the sensation of reward

A

Orbitofrontal cortex in the prefrontal cortex. Neurons are multimodal.

17
Q

From what brain regions does the prefrontal cortex receive info

A

VTA, thalamus, posterior parietal cortex

18
Q

What would occur in agenesis of the frontal lobes?

A

Lack of social,y acceptable behaviour - function on impulse without concept of future plan

19
Q

Explain the James-Lange theory of emotion

A

The brain concocts a story to explain bodily reactions. Similar autonomic responses arise because of different emotions, therefore it’s important to be able to distinguish one from the other.

20
Q

Explain the somatic marker hypothesis

A

An unconscious process where information collected from physiological responses are market signals, that give rise to cognitive processing and then guide decisions and behaviour

21
Q

What is Klüver-Boucy syndrome

A

The removal of the amygdala and anterior temporal cortices. Results in loss of fear, indiscriminate eating, hypersexuality, exploring things with mouth. Similarities in humans who develop brain infections in that region.

22
Q

What psychological disorders has the amygdala been linked to

A

Mood disorders and anxiety disorders

23
Q

How do the amygdala and prefrontal cortex effect eating

A

Hunger can be stimulated by the thought of food - amygdala and PFC control the cognitive rewarding aspects of eating

24
Q

While the amygdala and PFC control the pleasure, what controls feeding behaviour

A

Hypothalamus

25
Q

List two conditions if hypothalamus is lesioned:

A

Aphagia: stop eating
Hyperphagia: can’t stop eating

26
Q

Define two conditions of thirst controlled by hypothalamus

A
  1. Osmotic: when eating something too salty

2. Hypovolemic: when loss of fluids in body

27
Q

Describe the organizing effect of sex hormones

A

How androgens effect the brain during prenatal development resulting in sexual differentiation

28
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

In a male fetus, androgens are produced by the body does not respond; however, it does respond to estrogen. Results in female secondary sexual characteristics. In females, the female fetus is exposed to androgens, and depending on the exposure lies the severity.

29
Q

What are the activating effects of sex hormones?

A

In females: ventromedial hypothalamus controls posture and hormone changes during coitus

In males: medial pre optic nerve area controls copulatory behaviour

30
Q

Describe motivation and copulatory behaviour in terms of brain structures of male rats per B Everitt’s study

A

Motivation comes from amygdala. Copulatory behaviour comes from the medial pre optic area. Lesions in one area will no longer produce that specific behaviour, while the other matching behaviour remains. Example, lesions in amygdala will still result in copulatory behaviour when receptive female is present, the animal will no longer search out female

31
Q

What two brain structures are involved with reward?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

Medial forebrain bundle

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is important to the reward system

A

Dopamine

33
Q

What are chemosignals

A

A chemical signal - tiny molecule used to mark territory, safety, mating, associates odors, tastes, etc

34
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Olfactory receptor cells
  3. Olfactory bulb
  4. Glomeruli
  5. Mitral cells
  6. To pyriform cortex: hypothalamus and amygdala, hippocampus, forebrain areas
35
Q

What are pheromones

A

Chemosignals detected by vomernasal organ, play role in sex behaviours

36
Q

Describe the process of gustation

A
  1. Sensation from cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10 to the nucleus of solitary tract
  2. Solitary tract to posterior medulla
  3. Posterior medulla to thalamus
  4. Thalamus to prim. somatosensory cortex & gustatory cortex
  5. Gustatory cortex to orbital cortex

NEUR2200 (9 decks)

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