Lecture 10 - Cognitive and Neuroergonomics Flashcards
cognitive ergonomics
focuses on the design of the interface between humans and work in accordance with the users cognitive constraints
in includes the consideration of
- > perceptual input processes (i.e. signal detection, classification and pattern recognition)
- > central cognitive processing (i.e. decision making, problem solving and memory)
- > perceptual-motor processes (i.e. typing)
primary focus of cognitive ergonomics
primary focus is on work activities which:
- > have an emphasized cognitive component
- > are in safety critical environments
- > are in complex, changeable environments
Signal detection theory
Signal detection theory is a method of differentiating a person’s ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus (or different stimulus intensities) from the criterion the person uses to make responses to those stimuli.
Lower intensity stimulus: False alarms
Higher intensity stimulus: Hits (sensitivity)
four factors that affect the selection of channels to attend to or ignore (selective attention)
- > salience (“noticeable)
- > effort
- > expectancy
- > value
different types of attention
Focused attention
- > reading a book while others are talking
Divided attention
- > driving a car while talking to passengers
Sustained attention (monitoring/vigilance)
- > security guards, inspector on assembly line
Selective attention
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up processing
bottom-up processing is data-driven, and your perception of what it is that you’re looking at directs your cognitive awareness of the object. So, in contrast, top-down processing basically uses your background knowledge, so uses your background knowledge to influence perception.
see slides 13 - 15 for example
3 perceptual processes (perception)
- Unitization
- > familiarity and co-occurence of events - Bottom up-feature analysis
- > clear vs degraded features - Top-down Processing
- > can help in situations of poor bottom-up features
- > associations and context are important
human factor guildlines in perception
- > maximize bottom-up processing
- > maximize automaticity and utilization by using familiar perceptual representations
- > maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing may be poor
*avoid confusion, use smaller vocab, create context
short term (working) memory
central executive components:
- > visual-spatial sketch pad
- > phonological loop (verbal info)
*Short-term memory refers to the memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time, often up to 30 seconds . Short-term memory creates a kind of “visuospatial” sketch of information the brain has recently absorbed and will process into memories later on
human factors ideal effects on working memory
- > minmize working memory load
- > provide visual echos
- > provide placeholders for sequential tasks
- > exploit chunking
- > minimize confusability
- > avoid unecessary zeros
- > consider working memory limits in instructions
long term memory
Long-term memory refers to the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories. These memories can be from an hour ago or several decades ago. Long-term memory can hold an unlimited amount of information for an indefinite period of time
5 perceptual principles of the 13 principles of display design
- Make displays legible (or audible)
- Avoid absolute judgement limits
- Top-down processing
- Redundancy gain
- Discriminability
2 mental model principles of the 13 principles of display design
- principle of pictorial realism
- principle of the moving part
3 principles based on attention of the 13 principles of display design
- minimize info access cost
- proximity compatibility principle
- principle of multiple resources
3 memory principles of the 13 principles of display design
- replace memory with visual information: knowledge in the real world
- principle of predictive aiding
- principle of consistency
define neuroergonomics and what are the 2 major aims of the field
the study of the human brain in relation to performance at work and everyday settings
*application of neuroscience to ergonomics
aim is..
- > to use existing/emerging knowledge of human performance and brain function to design systems for safer and more efficient operation
- > to advance this understanding of the relationship between brain function and performance in real world tasks
describe information processing
- > info is perceived through multiple sensory organs
- > info is perceptually encoded (i.e. stimulus is identified and recognized)
- > processed by the working memory
- > may be supported by LTM
- > arrives at decision, which triggers human response
processing bottleneck
a process bottleneck is a work stage that gets more work requests than it can process at its maximum throughput capacity. That causes an interruption to the flow of work and delays across the production process.
review the different kinds of bottlenecks
from slides 34 - 37
neuroergonomics methods
EEG
- > measures brain activity of neocortex
fMRI
- > measures brain activity by detecting changes in cerebral flood flow
fNIRS
- > functional near-infrared spectroscopy; used for functional neuroimaging
Galvanic skin response
- > measures changes of skin conductance
Eye tracking
Heart rate
Video monitoring
Finger tracking
