Lecture 10 - Cognitive and Neuroergonomics Flashcards
cognitive ergonomics
focuses on the design of the interface between humans and work in accordance with the users cognitive constraints
in includes the consideration of
- > perceptual input processes (i.e. signal detection, classification and pattern recognition)
- > central cognitive processing (i.e. decision making, problem solving and memory)
- > perceptual-motor processes (i.e. typing)
primary focus of cognitive ergonomics
primary focus is on work activities which:
- > have an emphasized cognitive component
- > are in safety critical environments
- > are in complex, changeable environments
Signal detection theory
Signal detection theory is a method of differentiating a person’s ability to discriminate the presence and absence of a stimulus (or different stimulus intensities) from the criterion the person uses to make responses to those stimuli.
Lower intensity stimulus: False alarms
Higher intensity stimulus: Hits (sensitivity)
four factors that affect the selection of channels to attend to or ignore (selective attention)
- > salience (“noticeable)
- > effort
- > expectancy
- > value
different types of attention
Focused attention
- > reading a book while others are talking
Divided attention
- > driving a car while talking to passengers
Sustained attention (monitoring/vigilance)
- > security guards, inspector on assembly line
Selective attention
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up processing
bottom-up processing is data-driven, and your perception of what it is that you’re looking at directs your cognitive awareness of the object. So, in contrast, top-down processing basically uses your background knowledge, so uses your background knowledge to influence perception.
see slides 13 - 15 for example
3 perceptual processes (perception)
- Unitization
- > familiarity and co-occurence of events - Bottom up-feature analysis
- > clear vs degraded features - Top-down Processing
- > can help in situations of poor bottom-up features
- > associations and context are important
human factor guildlines in perception
- > maximize bottom-up processing
- > maximize automaticity and utilization by using familiar perceptual representations
- > maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing may be poor
*avoid confusion, use smaller vocab, create context
short term (working) memory
central executive components:
- > visual-spatial sketch pad
- > phonological loop (verbal info)
*Short-term memory refers to the memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time, often up to 30 seconds . Short-term memory creates a kind of “visuospatial” sketch of information the brain has recently absorbed and will process into memories later on
human factors ideal effects on working memory
- > minmize working memory load
- > provide visual echos
- > provide placeholders for sequential tasks
- > exploit chunking
- > minimize confusability
- > avoid unecessary zeros
- > consider working memory limits in instructions
long term memory
Long-term memory refers to the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories. These memories can be from an hour ago or several decades ago. Long-term memory can hold an unlimited amount of information for an indefinite period of time
5 perceptual principles of the 13 principles of display design
- Make displays legible (or audible)
- Avoid absolute judgement limits
- Top-down processing
- Redundancy gain
- Discriminability
2 mental model principles of the 13 principles of display design
- principle of pictorial realism
- principle of the moving part
3 principles based on attention of the 13 principles of display design
- minimize info access cost
- proximity compatibility principle
- principle of multiple resources
3 memory principles of the 13 principles of display design
- replace memory with visual information: knowledge in the real world
- principle of predictive aiding
- principle of consistency
