Lecture 10

Question 1

Structure of Synovial Joints

Answer 1

(Bone ends) - levers to enable movement
Articular cartilage - frictionless movement, shock absorption, resistance to compression

Capsule - tough tissue to keep bones together

Cavity - space fluid-filled, allow bone ends to move

Synovial membrane - secrete with synovial fluid, nutrients

Ligaments - fuse with capsule, restrict movement

Question 2

Other features

Answer 2

Articular cartilage
Intracapsular ligaments
Menisci or Meniscus
Bursa or Bursae

Question 3

Movement in planes

Answer 3

Transverse - rotation
Sagittal - creates flexion and extension
Coronal - abduction and adduction

Question 4

3 Types of Axis

Answer 4

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

Question 5

Range of movement

Answer 5

• Bone and shape
• Ligament location and length
• Body surface contact

Question 6

What are the different synovial joint shapes?

Answer 6

Hinge
> movement in one direction
> uniaxial = flexion and extension
> e.g. ankle, elbow (humerus with ulna) interphalangeal joints

Pivot
> joint between the radius and ulna
> uniaxial = rotation (supernation - pronation)
> e.g. radioulnar joints

Saddle 
> biaxial = flexion and extension 
               = abduction and adduction
> Obligatory rotation - opposition 
> e.g. carpometacarpal  joint (base of thumb)

Ellipsoid 
> oval shape 
> biaxial = flexion and extension
                  abduction and adduction 
                  no rotation 
> e.g. wrist joint (radoiocarpal joint)

Condylar 
> large articulation therefore large ROM
> Biaxial = flexion and extension 
                  rotation
> e.g. knee, temporomandibular joint 

Plane
> 2 flat surfaces coming together 
> multiaxial = sliding and gliding 
                    = flat articular surfaces
> e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal 

Ball and Socket
> multiaxial = flexion and extension
                    = abduction and adduction
                    = rotation
> e.g shoulder and hip