Lecture 1 - Theories of Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four theories of visual perception?

A

Gestalt, Gibson’s ecological theory, Marr’s info processing theory, Constructivist approach

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2
Q

How are receptors distributed?

A

Unevenly

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

How we experience outside world, aim to translate sensory information into perceptual experience

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4
Q

Why is perception important?

A

Only source of info about world, other cognitive systems rely on it

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5
Q

The 4 theories have diff approaches to:

A

Bottom up vs Top down processing, goal of perception, methods of study

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6
Q

What is Gestalt’s approach?

A

Top down, whole is greater than the sum of its parts, segregation/grouping, separating figure/ground

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7
Q

What are the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?

A

Similarity, good continuation, proximity, connectedness, closure, common fate, familiarity, invariance, Pragnanz “good figure”

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8
Q

What is similarity?

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together

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9
Q

What is good continuation?

A

Points when connected result in straight/smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together

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10
Q

What is proximity?

A

Things near to one another appear to be grouped together

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11
Q

What is connectedness?

A

Closed figure preferred to open figure

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12
Q

What is common fate?

A

Things moving in same direction grouped together

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13
Q

What is familiarity?

A

Things more likely to form groups if groups appear familiar/meaningful

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14
Q

What is invariance?

A

Things perceived as same even from diff angles

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15
Q

What is pragnanz?

A

Things perceived in simplest form

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16
Q

What is figure-ground segregation?

A

How we separate objects (figures) from background (ground)

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17
Q

What affects figure-ground segregation?

A

Symmetry, convexity, area, orientation, meaning/importance

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18
Q

What is symmetry?

A

Symmetrical areas usually figure

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19
Q

What is convexity?

A

Convex shapes usually figure

20
Q

What is area? (figure ground)

A

Stimuli with smaller area usually figure

21
Q

What is orientation?

A

Vertical/horizontal orientations usually figure

22
Q

What is meaning/importance?

A

Meaningful objects more likely seen as figure (implies top down)

23
Q

What are problems with Gestalt?

A

Underplay parallel/unconscious processing, some explanation of laws wrong, description rather than explanation, ill-defined laws, stating obvious

24
Q

What is Gibson’s ecological theory?

A

Bottom-up approach, direct, rich info received enough for interaction with environment, cognitive processes unnecessary

25
What is optic flow? (ambient optic array)
As observer moves, world changes and flows towards/away from them (active)
26
What are invariants?
Unambiguous info about environment, directly perceived (eg. Horizon ratio relation, texture gradients)
27
Why is motion important to Gibson's theory?
Motion necessary to perceive invariant info (highlights)
28
What are the two types of motion?
1. due to observer movements 2. due to object movement (Gibson focused on observer movement)
29
What is motion parallax?
Things far away move more slowly than those nearby (tells us distance to object)
30
Practical implication of optic flow?
Horizontal lines painted on road closer together as driver approaches junction to slow them down
31
What are affordances?
Opportunity for action of object (no need for memory/experience??)
32
What 4 stages are part of Marr's info processing approach?
1. Grey level 2. Primal sketch (Raw + Full) 3. 2 1/2D sketch 4. 3D object-centred description (emphasis on bottom up + computational nature)
33
How does Marr's approach work?
Retinal image - 4 stages
34
What is grey-level description?
Measuring intensity of light at each point in image (done by photoreceptors)
35
What is primal sketch?
Representation of contrast change (blobs/edges/bars) over range of spatial frequencies (identify edges)
36
What is 2 1/2D sketch?
Representation of orientation/depth/colour relative to observer
37
What is 3D representation?
Representation of object independent of observer
38
What are the processes in Raw primal sketch?
Gaussian: blur images to diff degrees Identify intensity changes: present at 2 levels of more Assign primitives (edge/bar/termination/blob)
39
What are processes in Full primal sketch?
Group primitives Place tokens grouped to form higher-order tokens
40
Criticisms of Marr's approach?
Retinal image not always sufficient to allow reconstruction Role of memory/experience?
41
What is constructivist approach? (Helmholtz)
Retinal image not sufficient info, perception depends on stored knowledge
42
What does constructivist approach generate?
Perceptual hypotheses (illusions due to inaccurate ones. eg. hollow mask illusion) Problem: vague
43
How does diff theories study?
Gestalt: some experimental/lab Gibson: experimental/outside lab Marr: computational Constructivist: experimental/lab
44
What are the diff goals of theories?
Gestalt, Marr, Constructivist: reconstruction Gibson: action
45
What is unconscious inference?
Involuntary, pre-rational, reflex like mechanism part of formation of visual impressions