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AU2017 Physio Exam 2 > Lecture 1- Principles and central control > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Principles and central control Flashcards

1
Q

Target cells impart… via receptor expression

A

specificity

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2
Q

3 classes of hormones

A
  1. peptides
  2. steroids
  3. amines
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3
Q

… hormones are the most common type and they are small proteins. They are highly variable and they can be made and stored.

A

peptide

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4
Q

Why bother with packaging and storing of peptide hormones?

A
  1. prevent from degradation
  2. reduce effects of hormone on cell thats making it
  3. can be released in large quantities when needed
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5
Q

… hormones are lipid soluble, NOT water soluble. They are all derived from cholesterol and are not variable.

A

steroid

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6
Q

3 largest sources of steroid hormones

A

placenta
adrenal cortex
gonads

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7
Q

… facilitates intracellular transport of cholesterol by binding to cholesterol and transporting it through the watery cytoplasm to the mitochondria where it crosses both outer and inner membranes

A

StAR (steroid acute regulatory protein)

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8
Q

synthesis of steroid is usually stimulated by…. which causes the next steps

  1. activate a …
  2. activate ….
  3. increase…
  4. activate… which stimulates activity of…
  5. release … from intracellular stores
A

peptide hormones

G protein coupled receptor

adenyl cyclase

cAMP

PKA/ cholesterol esterases

cholesterol

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9
Q

Cholesterol is converted to steroids by … in the mitochondria. These enzymes add… or cleave…

and then steroids are shuttled to the … for further modification

A

P450 enzymes

O-H
C-C

SER

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10
Q

precursor of amine hormones is…

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

… hormones have the most widespread effects on the body

A

amine

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12
Q

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (which are amines) are both … soluble

A

lipid

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13
Q

peptide hormones and catecholamines (norepi, epi, dopa) are … soluble

A

water

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14
Q

norepi and epi are synthesized in the….

A

adrenal medulla

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15
Q

dopa is synthesiszed in the

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

A 4th class of hormones is…. which are lipids derived from…. and are locally acting

A

eicosanoids

arachidonic acid

17
Q

Some eicosanoids are… , … , … and …

A

prostaglandins
prostacyclins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

18
Q

do peptide hormones and catecholamines need binding carrier proteins?

A

no because they are hydrophilic and can readily dissolve in the plasma. but they can use they to reduce the chance of degradation/clearance

19
Q

… hormones use binding carrier proteins

A

lipophilic (steroid and thyroid hormones)

20
Q

hormones in the blood have 4 fates

A
  1. excreted in urine or feces
  2. inactivated by metabolism
  3. activated by metabolism
  4. goto target cell and produce response
21
Q

the amount of hormone circulating in the blood at any one time is a function of what has been …combined with the rate of…

A

synthesized/secreted

clearance

22
Q

the effects of a hormone depends on the following 3 factors

A
  1. how much is secreted
  2. how quickly its cleared from the blood
  3. receptor expression on target
23
Q

receptors for peptides and catecholamines are on….

These hormones are too … or too… to pass through membrane

A

cell surface in plasma membrane

large
lipophobic

24
Q

2 possible responses to peptides and catecholamines

A
  1. ionotropic

2. metabotropic

25
Q

do peptides and catecholamines need to use a 2nd messenger system?

A

yes

26
Q

the hypothalamus forms the floor of the … and surrounds the…

A

diencephalon

3rd ventricle

27
Q

The…. is the hollow stalk of tissue that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the base of median eminence of the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

28
Q

The… or… develops from an outpocketing of the oral ectoderm that pinches off the roof of the mouth and lies above the palate

A

anterior pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

29
Q

The…. or… buds off of the floor of the hypothalamus and is suspended below the brain by the infundibulum

A

posterior pituitary gland

neurohypophysis

30
Q

2 hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin

vasopressin

31
Q

2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary (that are synthesized in the hypothalamus)

A

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

32
Q

the posterior pituitary contains axon terminals of 2 hypothalamic nuclei… and..

A

supraoptic

paraventricular

33
Q

… inhibits secretion of GH

A

Somatostatin

34
Q

… inhibits the secretion of prolactin

A

dopamine

35
Q

… stimulates secretion of ACTH

A

CRH

36
Q

… stimulates the secretion of TSH

A

TRH

37
Q

… stimulates the secretion of GH

A

GHRH

38
Q

…stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH

A

GnRH

AU2017 Physio Exam 2 (11 decks)

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