Lecture 1- Principles and central control

Question 1

Target cells impart… via receptor expression

Answer 1

specificity

Question 2

3 classes of hormones

Answer 2

1. peptides
2. steroids
3. amines

Question 3

… hormones are the most common type and they are small proteins. They are highly variable and they can be made and stored.

Answer 3

peptide

Question 4

Why bother with packaging and storing of peptide hormones?

Answer 4

1. prevent from degradation
2. reduce effects of hormone on cell thats making it
3. can be released in large quantities when needed

Question 5

… hormones are lipid soluble, NOT water soluble. They are all derived from cholesterol and are not variable.

Answer 5

steroid

Question 6

3 largest sources of steroid hormones

Answer 6

placenta
adrenal cortex
gonads

Question 7

… facilitates intracellular transport of cholesterol by binding to cholesterol and transporting it through the watery cytoplasm to the mitochondria where it crosses both outer and inner membranes

Answer 7

StAR (steroid acute regulatory protein)

Question 8

synthesis of steroid is usually stimulated by…. which causes the next steps

1. activate a …
2. activate ….
3. increase…
4. activate… which stimulates activity of…
5. release … from intracellular stores

Answer 8

peptide hormones

G protein coupled receptor

adenyl cyclase

cAMP

PKA/ cholesterol esterases

cholesterol

Question 9

Cholesterol is converted to steroids by … in the mitochondria. These enzymes add… or cleave…

and then steroids are shuttled to the … for further modification

Answer 9

P450 enzymes

O-H
C-C

SER

Question 10

precursor of amine hormones is…

Answer 10

tyrosine

Question 11

… hormones have the most widespread effects on the body

Answer 11

amine

Question 12

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones (which are amines) are both … soluble

Answer 12

lipid

Question 13

peptide hormones and catecholamines (norepi, epi, dopa) are … soluble

Answer 13

water

Question 14

norepi and epi are synthesized in the….

Answer 14

adrenal medulla

Question 15

dopa is synthesiszed in the

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

A 4th class of hormones is…. which are lipids derived from…. and are locally acting

Answer 16

eicosanoids

arachidonic acid

Question 17

Some eicosanoids are… , … , … and …

Answer 17

prostaglandins
prostacyclins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

Question 18

do peptide hormones and catecholamines need binding carrier proteins?

Answer 18

no because they are hydrophilic and can readily dissolve in the plasma. but they can use they to reduce the chance of degradation/clearance

Question 19

… hormones use binding carrier proteins

Answer 19

lipophilic (steroid and thyroid hormones)

Question 20

hormones in the blood have 4 fates

Answer 20

1. excreted in urine or feces
2. inactivated by metabolism
3. activated by metabolism
4. goto target cell and produce response

Question 21

the amount of hormone circulating in the blood at any one time is a function of what has been …combined with the rate of…

Answer 21

synthesized/secreted

clearance

Question 22

the effects of a hormone depends on the following 3 factors

Answer 22

1. how much is secreted
2. how quickly its cleared from the blood
3. receptor expression on target

Question 23

receptors for peptides and catecholamines are on….

These hormones are too … or too… to pass through membrane

Answer 23

cell surface in plasma membrane

large
lipophobic

Question 24

2 possible responses to peptides and catecholamines

Answer 24

1. ionotropic

2. metabotropic

Question 25

do peptides and catecholamines need to use a 2nd messenger system?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

the hypothalamus forms the floor of the ... and surrounds the...

Answer 26

diencephalon 3rd ventricle

Question 27

The.... is the hollow stalk of tissue that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the base of median eminence of the hypothalamus

Answer 27

infundibulum

Question 28

The... or... develops from an outpocketing of the oral ectoderm that pinches off the roof of the mouth and lies above the palate

Answer 28

anterior pituitary gland adenohypophysis

Question 29

The.... or... buds off of the floor of the hypothalamus and is suspended below the brain by the infundibulum

Answer 29

posterior pituitary gland neurohypophysis

Question 30

2 hormones of the posterior pituitary

Answer 30

oxytocin | vasopressin

Question 31

2 hormones released from the posterior pituitary (that are synthesized in the hypothalamus)

Answer 31

oxytocin | vasopressin (ADH)

Question 32

the posterior pituitary contains axon terminals of 2 hypothalamic nuclei... and..

Answer 32

supraoptic paraventricular

Question 33

... inhibits secretion of GH

Answer 33

Somatostatin

Question 34

... inhibits the secretion of prolactin

Answer 34

dopamine

Question 35

... stimulates secretion of ACTH

Answer 35

CRH

Question 36

... stimulates the secretion of TSH

Answer 36

TRH

Question 37

... stimulates the secretion of GH

Answer 37

GHRH

Question 38

...stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH

Answer 38

GnRH