Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First Semester: Gross Anatomy 1 > Lecture 1: Osteology, Myology, Anthrology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Osteology, Myology, Anthrology Flashcards

1
Q

7 primary functions of the bone

A
  1. Support the weight of the body
  2. Movement in concert with muscles
  3. Protection of internal organs
  4. Growth
  5. Storage of minerals (phosphorous and calcium)
  6. Storage of fat within yellow marrow cavities
  7. Blood cell formation within red marrow cavities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the real term for blood cell formation?

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults?

A

Flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial

Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Bones of the axis of the body

Skull, thorax, vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the appendages and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

5 types of bone

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do we classify a long bone?

A

The length of the bone is greater than its diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are long bones found?

A

In the appendages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many ossification centers do long bones have

A

Multiple (3 - 2 epiphasis, 1 diaphysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ossification center

A

Where ossification first begins
The site of the earliest bone formation via accumulation of osteoblasts within connective tissue (intramembranous ossification) or of earliest destruction of cartilage before onset of ossification (endochondrial ossification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endochondrial ossification

A
  • A cartilage model

- Mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts which produce a cartilage model which is later replaced by bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of ossification happens with long bones?

A

endochondrial ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diaphysis

A

long, straight main body of a long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epiphysis

A

End regions of the bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metaphysis

A

Region of the bone lying between the diaphysis and epiphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metaphyseal growth plate

A

located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals. Composed of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Short bones have approx. ______ dimensions

A

Equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many center of ossification do short bones have?

A

1

Therefore, no growth plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When are flat bones present?

A

When either extensive protection or large muscle attachment area is necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diploe

A

Cancellous tissue enclosed by two thin layers of cortical bone.
In certain areas of the skull, this is absorbed to form air sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are irregular bones formed?

A

Both endochondral ossification and intramembrous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intramembrous ossification

A

Bone formation without a cartilage model

Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts directly rather than becoming chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small, seed-like bones that are embedded in muscle tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

All sesamoid bones are short bones, but

A

not all short bones are sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Three purposes of sesamoid bones

A
  • Eliminates tendon shear
  • Redirects line of force
  • Increases torque
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Lines outer surface of the bone
  • Source of osteoblast progenitor cells (healing fractures)
  • Rich in nerves and blood vessels; extremely sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that lay down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Endosteum

A

lines inner surface of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Location of bone marrow (red or yellow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Younger animals will have more _____ marrow

A

red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Most bones are formed by

A

endochondrial ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What bones are formed by intramembrous ossification

A

Flat bones, including the bones of the calvaria (top of the skull) and face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is the growth plate clinically relevant

A

Often the primary site for infection, metastisis, fractures, and effects of endocrine disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What results in dwarfism?

A

Achondroplasia

chondrodystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Chondrodystrophy

A
  • Cartilage maldevelopment
  • Genetic conditions
  • Causes arrested growth of long bones
  • Results in disproportionate dwarves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bone blood supply

A
  • Nutritional vessels enters the diaphysis and epiphysis
  • The majority of long bones have a single nutrient foramen that accommodates a nutrient artery that enters the bone mid-diaphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What supplies the outer, cortical bone?

A

Periosteal blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Normal bone remodels in response to the stress placed upon it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

If a load in a particular area of the bone increases,

A

The bone will remodel to become stronger to resist the force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Myology

A

The study of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Three types of muscle

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • In organs and blood vessels

- ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Attached to the skeleton

- Voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Muscle of the heart

- ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The locomotor system (apparatus) includes

A

all structures that provide the body with:

  • stability (skeleton)
  • independent movement (muscles/joints)
  • the basis for the characteristic conformation of individual species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The musculoskeletal system is divided into two components:

A

The muscular system - Active

The skeletal system - Passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The muscular (active) component

A
  • Consists of muscles that move parts of the individual body such as the limbs, the trunk, and the head
  • Provides the individual with means of locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are made to

A

actively contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Three layers of connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle fibers

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

51
Q

Epimysium

A

outermost connective tissue surrounding the muscle belly

52
Q

Perimysium

A

extend from epimysium into the muscle; divides muscle into smaller units called musclefascicles

53
Q

Endomysium

A

Extends from the perimysium to envelop individual fiber muscle cells

54
Q

7 criteria for muscle nomenclature

A
  • Shape
  • Size
  • Relative position/direction
  • Origin and insertion
  • Function
  • Structure
  • Combo of above
55
Q

Muscles attach to bones via

A

tendons

56
Q

Tendon of origin

A
  • May originate from bone, another muscle, or skin

- Usually the more proximal or fixed point of a muscle attachment

57
Q

Tendon of insertion

A
  • Inserts on bone, another muscle, or skin

- Usually distal or movable part of the muscle

58
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A sheet-like tendon that allows muscles to have broader attachments

59
Q

Three associated structures that ease the effect of excessive pressure or friction associated with tendons

A
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Synovial subtendonous bursa
  • Synovial sheath
60
Q

Ligaments attach

A

bone to bone

61
Q

5 arrangements of muscle fibers

A
  1. Parallel to the long axis (strap-like)
  2. Fusiform (spindle-shaped)
  3. Pennate (angled to one side)
  4. Bipennate (angled to the inside)
  5. Mulitpennate (multiple different angles)
62
Q

More fibers, more cross sectional area =

A

more powerful

63
Q

Arrangement of muscle fibers in biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, ect.

A

Muscles arise by two, three, or four heads that merge into one tendon of insertion

64
Q

Arrangement of muscle fibers in digastricus, brachiocephalicus, ect

A

Two or more fleshy regions are separated by an intermediate tendon forming digastric or polygastric units

65
Q

Arrangement of muscle fibers in Orbicularis occuli, orbicularis oris, external anal sphincter

A

Muscle fibers arranged into rings that surrounded natural openings

66
Q

Synovial bursa

A
  • One-sided protection of muscle tendons

- Can be subcutaneous, subtendinous, or intertendinous

67
Q

Synovial tendon sheaths

A

Synovial fluid-filled sacs that surround muscle tendons

68
Q

Fascia

A
  • Allow muscles to function as units

- Divided into superficial and deep

69
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Usually loose connective tissue

70
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • Dense collagenous connective tissue from which some muscles may originate or insert; attaches to bone
  • Surrounds and compartmentalizes muscles; distinct fascial septa separate groups of muscles from one another and result in fascial planes
71
Q

Clinical relevance of understanding fascial planes?

A

Understand the spread of infection -will spread to the area of least resistance

72
Q

Arthrology

A

The study of the structure and function of joints

73
Q

Joint

A
  • A point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilage
  • Provides support and movement to the skeleton
  • Keep in mind that not all joints are moveable
74
Q

Two types of classification of joints

A
  • Functional

- Structural

75
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Physiological classification -based on the amount of movement permitted

76
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Anatomical classification

Based on structure, which is based on the type of connective tissue present between bones

77
Q

Three types of functional classification of joints

A
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses
78
Q

Synarthroses

A
  • Immovable joints

- Includes: synostosis

79
Q

Amphiarthroses

A
  • Semimovable joints

- Includes: suture, syndesmosis, synchondrosis

80
Q

Diarthroses

A
  • Freely movable joints

- Includes: Synovial joints

81
Q

Three types of structural classification of joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
82
Q

Fibrous joint

A
  • Strong fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular) between articulating bone
  • Little to no movement
  • In some cases, bones can fuse resulting in a bony joint (synostosis)
83
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

-Cartilage, either hyaline or fibrocartilage, between articulating bones = limited movement

84
Q

Synovial joint

A

-Joint cavity between articulating bones lined with synovial membranes = free movement

85
Q

Three types of fibrous joints

A

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

86
Q

Suture joint

A
  • Seams (interdigitation) of the bones and the skull

- Gradually eliminated via ossification (results in synostosis)

87
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • Tooth in alveolus, united by periodontal ligament

- Not technically a joint by classic definition because teeth are technically not considered bones

88
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Bones joined by interosseous ligaments (radius/ulna and tibia/fibula)

89
Q

Two types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

90
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • Hyaline cartilage union

- Ex. Coastal cartilage connecting ribs to sternum, growth plates

91
Q

Symphysis

A
  • Occurs in the midline of the body where articulating bones are connected via a flat disc of fibrocartilage
  • Ex. pelvic symphysis, intervertebral disc
92
Q

Synovial joint classification types

A
  • Number of bones

- Shape

93
Q

Structure of a synovial joint

A
  • Joint capsule consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
  • The outer fibrous layer blends with the periosteum and is thickened in some joints to form ligaments
94
Q

Inner synovial membrane of a synovial joint

A

Highly vascularized, has nerves, and the synoviocytes produce synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition of the bone surfaces

95
Q

Three accessory structures of the synovial joint

A
  • Meniscus
  • Ligament
  • Fat pads
96
Q

Meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage located within the synovial cavity

97
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Extracapsular: located outside of the joint capsule
  • Intracapsular: occur within the joint capsule, but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane
98
Q

Fat pads

A

Between fibrous and synovial layers, may protrude into joint cavity

99
Q

Ways synovial joints can be classified

A 
By number of articulating bones
-Simple joint
-Compound joint
How well bones fit together
-Congruent joint
-Incongruent joint
Shape
100
Q

Simple vs Compound synovial joints

A

Simple - formed by two bones

Compound - formed by more than two bones

101
Q

Congruent vs incongruent synovial joints

A

Congruent - two articular surfaces fit together

Incongruent - two articular surfaces do not fit together

102
Q

Shape of a joint determines

A

Permitted motions around the joint

103
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

Permits angular motion in one plane

104
Q

Spheroidal synovial joint

A
  • Ball and socket

- Permits rotation and other movement

105
Q

Plane synovial joint

A

Permits angular motion in one plane

106
Q

Condylar synovial joint

A

formed by two condyles of one bone fitting into concavities of another bone

107
Q

Pivot synovial joint

A

permits rotation around the longitudinal axis of a bone

108
Q

Ellipsoidal synovial joint

A

oval surface nestles within a depression in the opposing surface

109
Q

Saddle synovial joint

A

articular surfaces of the two articulating bones are concave

110
Q

7 synovial joint shapes

A 
Saddle
Ellipsoidal
Pivot
Condylar
Plane
Spheroidal
Hinge
111
Q

Two kinds of motion of synovial joints

A

Gliding/translation

Angular motion

112
Q

Gliding/translation

A

two surfaces slide past each other

113
Q

11 Angular motions of synovial joints

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction
  • Circumduction
  • Left/right
  • Lateral rotation
  • Medial rotation
  • Pronation of the forearm
  • Supination of the forearm
114
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing angle between bones

115
Q

Extension

A

Increasing angle between bones to approx. 180 degrees

116
Q

Hyperextension

A

Increasing angle past anatomical position

117
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from median plane

118
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards median plane

119
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement circumscribing a cone shape

120
Q

Left/Right

A

Head movement

121
Q

Pronation

A

Palmar surface rotated to touch ground

122
Q

Supination

A

Palmar surface faces medially

123
Q

Purpose of intra-articular injections

A
  • Anesthetics for lameness evaluations

- Treatment for osteoarthritis

First Semester: Gross Anatomy 1 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions