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PIHD: Immunology > Lecture 1: introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: introduction Flashcards

1
Q
  1. It’s present prior to exposure to antigen
  2. It’s early
  3. It has no memory
  4. It can’t distinguish among foreign antigens
A

Innate immunity AKA natural immunity

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2
Q
  1. It’s highly specific
  2. It’s inducible
  3. Immunity improves with each encounter
  4. Magnitude of the response increases because immune system remembers the antigen (has “memory”)
A

Acuired immunity AKA specific immunity AKA adaptive immune response

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3
Q

Innate:

Resistance:

  1. Unchanged on repeated infection
  2. No memory
  3. Fast

Acquired

Resistance:

  1. Improved by repeated infection
  2. Memory
  3. Slow
A

Resistance: Innate immunity vs. acquired immunity

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4
Q

Innate:

Specificity:

Structures shared by similar groups of microbes, called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) ex. Mannose and N-formyl-Met

Acquired:

Specificity:

Very precise interactions

A

Specificity: Innate immunity vs. acquired immunity

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5
Q

Innate:

Cells:

  1. Phagocytes
  2. NK Cells (lymphocytes)

Acquired:

Cells:

  1. T cells (lymphoctes)
  2. B cells (lymphocytes)
A

Cells: Innate immunity vs. acquired immunity

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6
Q

Innate:

Diversity: Limited diversity (germ-line encoded)

Specific:

Diversity: Very large, receptors are produced by recombination

A

Diversity: innate vs. specific

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7
Q

Innate:

Molecules: Lysozyme, complement, acute phase proteins, IL-1, IFN-alpha and beta; Toll Like Receptor

Specific:

Molecules:

Antibodies and cytokines

A

Molecules: Innate immunity vs. specific immunity

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8
Q

Defense, resist pathogens, foreign bodies, and abnormal cells

A

Primary function of the immune system

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9
Q

Immune system can respond up to 10^9 antigens

Each lymphocyte arises from a single precursor cell which responds to only one antigen

pathogen can activate several cells recognizing it

A

Clonal selection theory

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10
Q
  1. A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity
  2. Removal of potentially self-reactive lymphocytes by clonal deletion
  3. Pool of mature naive lymphocytes
  4. Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells.
A

Steps of clonal selection

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11
Q

The immune system remembers a pathogen it has seen before

A

Memory

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12
Q

It takes about 5-10 days to manifest

A. Primary immune response

B. Secondary immune response

A

Primary immune response

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13
Q
  • It takes 2-5 days.
  • It occurs after subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
  • It is more effective and has longer duration

A. Primary immune response

B. Secondary immune response

A

B. Secondary immune response

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14
Q

Immune responses are specific for each antigen or parts of antigens called epitopes or antigenic determinants via specific receptors on lymphocytes (B and T cells). These lymphocytes rapidly replicate into an army of cells capable of attacking the pathogen. These cells are the ONLY cells with specific receptors for antigen.

B cell antigen receptor: monomeric IgM

Th cell antigen receptor: TCR and CD4. CD4 assists TCR

Cytotoxic T cell antigen receptor: TCR and CD8. CD8 assists TCR

A

Specificity: Specific immune system

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15
Q

The immune system can respond to many antigens. T and B cells express and antigen receptor with a slightly different shape for each entigen.

Clonal selection theory allows immune system diversity

A

Diversity: specific immune response

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16
Q

It’s the increase in the number of cells that express identical receptors for the antigen. Those cells are derived from the clones that recognized antigen.

A

Clonal expansion

17
Q

All responses wane with time returning to the basal state

If there are too many lymphocytes, you get generalized inflammation

When antigen is eliminated, cells that recognize it, die by apoptosis

A

Homeostasis: return to homoestasis after clonal expansion

18
Q

The normal immune system responds to foreing antigens while remaining unresponsive to host components. Immune system does this through recognition of MHC antigens specialized for self proteins. There are 2 classes of MHC: MHCI and MHCII. The immune system is trained to recognize but not respond to their own MHC, in most cases the immune system only responds to for. antigens when it’s bound to self MHC

A

Discrimination of self vs. non-self

19
Q
  • It has an alpha chain and a beta-globulin unit, so it has one chain and a peg leg.
  • It is present on all nucleated cells
  • It presents to CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells and NK cells
A

MHC I

20
Q
  • It has 2 chains an alpha chain and a beta chain
  • It has 2 legs
  • It presents to Th cells
  • It is expressed by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells (best), macrophages (need to be induced by IFN-gamma), and B cells (in secondary immune response)
A

MHC II

21
Q
  • It’s achieved by immunization, i.e. exposure to foreign antigen stimulating a set of specific responses
  • It’s inducible
  • It can be intentional exposure (vaccination)
  • It can be unintentional exposure (infectrion)
A

Acquired immunity

22
Q
  • It’s mediated by antibodies produced by plasma cells (B cells)
  • It can be transferred by serum
  • Antibodies bind to foreign antigen and target that antigen for lysis via complement, or removal by phagocytes
A

Humoral immunity

23
Q
  • It’s mediated by T cells
  • T cells produce cytokines which activate other cells such as macrophages or T cells to effectively deal with antigen
A

Cellular immunity

24
Q
  • It’s a passive transfer of antibodies or cells
  • There is no active effort in the part of the immune response
  • It works fast
  • There is no memory
  • There is no memory because the body didn’t mount the response, the antibodies were introduced to the body.
  • Ex. Human tetanus immunoglobulin
  • Ex. Anti-venom
A

Passive immunity

25
Q

What is the B cell receptor (BCR)?

A. monomeric IgM

B. Pentameric IgM

C. IgG

D. IgE

A

A. Monomeric IgM

Monomeric IgM binds to antigen. B cells also express IgD but we don’t know IgD’s function.

26
Q
  1. Cognitive phase
  2. Activation phase
  3. Effector phase
  4. Termination phase
A

The phases of the immune response

27
Q
  • It involves antigen binding by B cells and T cells
  • B cells can bind free antigen
  • T cells can’t bind free antigen, the antigen must be presented to the T cell as a linear determiannt on MHCII of an APC preferrably a dendritic cell
A

Cognitive recognition phase

28
Q
  • Cels proliferate in response to cytokine signals
  • Immune response is amplified
A

Activation phase

29
Q

Antigen is eliminated

A

Effector phase

30
Q

Immune system is downregulated after the antigen has been removed. If immune system is not downregulated you get autoimmunity.

A

Termination phase

31
Q
  • After antigen recognition, there is lag phase of 5-10 days-activation phase
  • first antibody to be produced is pentameric IgM
  • IgG is produced next
  • These are low affinity antibodies
  • the same B cells produce IgM and IgG. This is called class switching
  • levels of antibody peak betw. days 20-30
  • antibody levels decrease, antigen is cleared
A

Primary immune response

32
Q
  • immune response is quicker due to presence of memory cells
  • antibodies peak 2-5 days, activation phase is short
  • higher magnitude response
  • longer duration
  • IgG is predominant antibody, but IgM is present as well
  • IgM is always part of the immune response
A

Secondary (Anamnestic response)

33
Q
  • It has primary and secondary phases
  • Secondary responses are faster
  • It’s mediated by memory T cells
  • Higher levels of activation
A

Cellular immune response

34
Q

B cells and T cells recognize and respond to for. antigens via specific receptors (BCR= monomeric IgM, TCR=TCR w/ CD3 extension so it can undergo signal transduction)

NK cells do not have specific receptors

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

macrophages/monocytes ingest and destroy infectious agents and present antigen to T cells

Macrophages and dendritic cells are monocytes

A

mononuclear phagocytes

36
Q

They have many cytoplasmic granules, contain anti-microbial compounds, and some able to phagocytize.

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are__

A

granulocytes

PIHD: Immunology (10 decks)

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