Lecture 1-Intro to Rehab and Motor Control Flashcards
What are the 3 components of the biopsychosocial model?
Biology, social environment, psychology.
What is motor control?
An area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of biological (human) movement.
What is a motor program?
an abstract representation that , when initiated, results in the production of a coordinated movement sequence.
What are important parameters for structuring a motor program?
You need to pay attention to the specific parameters depending on the task, the individual, and the environment.
- synergistic component parts
- Force
- Direction
- Extent of movement
What is feedforward control?
Sending of signals in advance of movement to ready a part of the system for incoming sensory feedback or for a future motor command. Allows for anitcipatory adjustments in postural activity.
What is feedback control?
Response produced sensory information received during or after the movement. Used to monitor movement for output for corrective actions.
What is the belief of the Hierarchical theory?
Control occurs in descending (top down) direction with the brain always in control to produce output in the body.
What are the beliefs of the Systems theory?
- Distributed model of control (shifting center of control). Various brain and spinal centers work cooperatively to meet the demands of body. Both internal and external factors are taken into consideration when planning movements.
- Degrees of freedom- separate independent demensions of movement.
Describe an open -looped system and give an example.
Pre-programmed instructions to a set of effectors ( motor program) run virtually without the influence of peripheral feedback or error detection processes. ex.) playing the piano, you are playing out the song or notes without the feedback from each one individually because it occurs too rapidly.
Describe a closed- loop system and give an example.
Employs feedback and a reference for correctness to compute error and initiate subsequent corrections. Feedback and closed loop processes play a critical role in the learning of new motor skills and in the shaping or correction of ongoing movements. Feedback is essential for the ongoing maintenance of body posture and balance.
ex.) Standing in tandem.
T/F Open and closed loop systems operate together?
T- either may assume the dominant role depending on the task at hand
-feedback is used to refine and perfect movements
What are invariant characteristics?
The stored code. (force, order)
What are parameters?
Changeable features. ex.) speeding up or slowing down (parameters) cna change walking performance while the basic order of stepping cycle and relative timing of the components (invariant) are maintained.
What are muscle synergies?
Functionally linked muscles that act cooperatively to produce and intended motor action.
- Control is flexible with cerebellum acting to generate the appropriate sequence of precise force, timing, and direction.
- synergies can act in isolation
- most commonly they combine for functional tasks ex.) sequence of actions required for transfer.
T/F Synergies are learned through practice, are flexible, and can be adapted to changes in the task or environment?
T- for postural control and balance: ankle, hip, and stepping strategies (synergies) are well defined. utilization varies from quiet stance to perturbed stance and unstable positions.
What leads to relatively permanent changes in the capability for motor skill?
A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience.
T/F learning a motor skill is a complex process?
True
How are non-observable changes in the CNS monitored?
From changes in motor behavior.
T/F Understanding of the task and practice lead to improvements in performance?
True
What is retention?
Teh ability of the learner to demonstrated the skill over time and after a period of no practice. This is a better measure of learning, rather than performance. ex.) hitting a 7 iron accurately on a golf course a week after practicing it last.
What is adaptability?
The ability to adapt and refine a learned skill to changing task and environmental demands. ex.) hitting a 7 iron on the golf course from the rough with 25mph winds.
T/F an individual who has learned a skill should be ale to apply that learning to new and variable situations?
True- ex.) a patient learns to use a cane during fait training in therapy sessions: can ambulate 150 ft using the SPC, independently. Can the patient use the SPC outside over uneven surfaces? At home in tight spaces with changing flooring surfaces and young children running around making noise?
Motor learning is the direct result of practice and is highly dependent on?
Sensory information and feedback processes.
What is Adam’s theory of motor learning?
Based on closed loop theory
feedback provides reference of error or correctness
Sensory feedback from ongoing movment is compared with stored memory to provide the CNS with a reference of correctness
(This theory cannot explain open loop rapid motor programs or learning that occurs when there is no sensory feedback.)
What is a schema?
- A defined rule, concept, or relationship formed on the basis of experience.
- Allows storage into short term memory
- Initial conditions, relationships between movement elements, outcomes, sensory consequences of movement.
- Information is then abstracted into motor memory (procedural memory)
- The memory for movement or motor information.
What is the schema theory of motor learning?
A generalized motor program that contains the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement.
