Ch 10-improve motor function

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

Area of study dealing with understanding of neural, physical, and behavior aspects of movement.

Question 2

What are the stages of motor behavior?

Answer 2

• Stimulus identification- Response selection (plan for movement is developed)- Response Programming

Question 3

What’s a motor program?

Answer 3

An abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production of coordinated movement sequence. Requires synergistic component parts, force, direction, and extent of movement.

Question 4

What is feedforward and feedback control?

Answer 4

Feedforward - sending signals in advance of movement to ready for incoming sensory feedback or for future movement (anticipatory adjustments)Feedback - Response-produced information received during or after the movement (monitors movement)

Question 5

Explain the hierarchical theory.

Answer 5

CNS is organized into 3 primary levels of control: high, middle, and low centers. Control was viewed as proceeding in a descending direction from higher to lower centers, a “top-down” progression. (brain always in control)

Question 6

Explain the Systems Theory.

Answer 6

Motor control is the result of the cooperative actions of many interacting systems, working to accommodate the demands of the specific task. (brain and spine centers work together to meet demands of body, both internal and external factors are taken into consideration when planning movements)

Question 7

Describe open-looped system and closed-loop control system.

Answer 7

Open-looped: Preprogrammed instructions to set effectors (motor program) run without the influence of peripheral feedback or error detection (playing piano, not having to look for letters to appear when typing)Closed-looped: Employs feedback and referenced for correctness to compute error and initiate subsequent corrections (play role in learning motor skills, used for posture control)

Question 8

What are invariant characteristics?

Answer 8

Feature stored code (relative force, timing, and order of components for movement). (walking pattern remains the same timing

Question 9

What are parameters?

Answer 9

Changeable features (can walk faster, walk longer)

Question 10

What are synergies and how are they learned?

Answer 10

Functionally linked muscles that act cooperatively to produce an intended motor action. They are learned through practice

Question 11

What is motor learning?

Answer 11

A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior

Question 12

Is performance a good way to measure motor learning?

Answer 12

Not always.Practice can temporarily make you good at something, but when you go back to it awhile later or in a different setting it may not be the same. (hitting a ball at the driving range, then trying to play 9 holes)

Question 13

What is a good way to measure motor learning?

Answer 13

Retention - ability of learner to demonstrate skill over time and after a period of no practice (retention interval)

Question 14

What is the term for the ability to adapt/refine a learned skill to a changing task and environmental demands (hitting a 7 iron on a course rather then on the driving range)?

Answer 14

Adaptability

Question 15

What is the schema theory?

Answer 15

slow movements are based on feedback, while rapid movements are program-based.

Question 16

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

Answer 16

Cognitive stage - develop overall understanding of skill (what to do)Associative Stage - Practice stageAutonomous Stage - characterized by motor performance (largely automatic, good in predicable and changing environment)

Question 17

What is the Adams theory of motor learning?

Answer 17

Based on closed-loop theoryFeedback provides reference of error or correctnessCan’t explain when there is no sensory feedback during an open-loop rapid motor programs

Question 18

What are the recall schema and recognition schema?

Answer 18

Recall - used to SELECT and define initial movement conditionsRecognition - Used to EVALUATE movement responses

Question 19

What are the categories of motor skills?

Answer 19

Transitional mobility: getting from 1 posture to another (sit - stand)Static postural control: maintaining a posture (sitting, standing)Dynamic postural control: Maintaining posture while parts are moving (weight shifting)Skill: Highly coordinated (walking, jumping)

Question 20

When is guidance helpful?

Answer 20

It is effective during early learning and improving performance of unfamiliar skills by preventing or limiting errorsOveruse of guidance can create dependence though