Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards by Darby Steen

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

Vision in dim light

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What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

Iris

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Receptors for hearing are located in the

Cochlea

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The receptors for static equilibrium are found within the _____.

Vestibule

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The smallest muscle in the body that reduces large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises is the

Stapedius

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Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea____.

Has no blood supply

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There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

Ganglion cells

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Tastebuds are not found

In filiform papillae

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Which of the following is not an auditory ossicle?

Modiolus

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The optic disc (blind spot) of the eye is where

The optic nerve leaves the eye

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The receptors for olfaction and gestation are classified as ____.

Chemoreceptors

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Light passes through the following structures in which order?

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

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Which cranial nerve is responsible for accommodation?

Cranial nerve III

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What is the first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina?

Absorption of light by photopigments

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The lens is made of layers of proteins called

Crystallins

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Which of the following correctly describes the visual pathway?

Photoreceptor, bipolar neuron, ganglion neuron, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiations, occipital lobe of cortex

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Which pigment is found within the choroid acts to reduce the bouncing of light and thus reduce glare in addition to enhancing contrast and sharpening vision?

Melanin

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This outer layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball and forms the white of the eye.

Sclera

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The inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for the “dark current” is

Glutamate

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Cranial nerve VIII functions to

Send sensory information for hearing to the medulla

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Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _____.

Hormones

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Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______.

Second messengers

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Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

Enzyme

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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells with specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as _______.

Up-regulation

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Aldosterone functions

To increase sodium reabsorption

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

Polycythemia

ADH_____

Decreases urine production

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland the mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the

Hypophyseal portal system

The hormone that acts to raise calcium levels in the blood is

Parathyroid hormone

Mineralcorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _________

Cortisol

The action of thyroid hormone enhancing the effects of epinephrine is an example of a(n) _______ effect.

Permissive

All of the following are effects of the glucocorticoids EXCEPT

Decrease in blood sugar

In the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis produces small amounts of a weak androgen called

DHEA

Clusters of endocrine tissue within the pancreas are called

Islets of Langerhans

All of the following are effects of glucagon EXCEPT

Drop in blood sugar

The hormone responsible for uterine contractions during labor and the ejection of milk from the breasts is

Oxytocin

The secretion of which hormone would increase in a patient with Goiter?

TSH

Hypersecretion of growth hormone beginning in adulthood leads to

Acromegaly

The chemical class of hormones derived from cholesterol are

Steroids

Hormones that act on neighboring cells are classified as

Paracrines

Which of the following is NOT a characterstic of WBCS?

Anucleate

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements in the blood?

Pluripotent stem cell

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

When neither anti-A nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type

The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is

Albumin

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production ?

Kidney

Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

Which of the following is NOT a stage of hemostasis ?

Fibrinolysis

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

Monocytes

Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

Platelet

Toward the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

Reticulocyte

The major function of RBC is

Gas transport

A megakaryoblast will develop into

A platelet

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting ?

Fibrinogen

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

RBCS

Which of the following blood cells are effective against parasitic worms?

Eosinophil

During coagulation, which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?

Factor XIII

When a red blood cell is destroyed, the iron released from the heme group is carried to the liver, spleen, or muscle by

Transferrin

The most abundant leukocyte that functions as an active phagocyte is a

Neutrophil

The stoppage of blood loss is termed

Hemostasis

The anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm

Mediastinum

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

Pericardium

The layer of the heart wall that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the

Myocardium

This pouch-like structure increases the total filling capacity of the atrium

Auricle

These muscular ridges are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles

Pectinate muscles

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events ?

Closure of the heart valves

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to

Pump blood with greater pressure

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium ?

Coronary artery

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

Atrial depolarization

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the

Left atrium

The term for chest pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart is

angina pectoralis

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate ?

Skin color

In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale

Connects the two atria in the fetal heart

Which vessel(s) of the heart recieve(s) blood during right ventricular systole ?

Pulmonary trunk

Select the correct statement about the heart valves

The AV valves are supported by chordae tendinae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during 1 ventricular contraction

Stroke volume

Isovolumetric contraction _________.

Refers to the short period of time during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

This part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure ?

Emotional state

Which of the following chemicals does NOT help regulate blood pressure ?

Nitric acid

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _________.

Capillaries

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.

Muscular arteries

Aldosterone will _______.

Promote an increase in blood pressure

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter

Which of the following is true about veins?

Veins are called blood reservoirs because they contain most of the blood

Peripheral resistance ________.

Increases as blood viscosity increases

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and blood circulation due to the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle?

Tunica media

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is _______.

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea.

Histologically, the______ is squamous epithelium also known as endothelium.

Tunica intima

The branches of arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called_____.

Arterioles

Factors that aid in venous return include all except

Urinary output

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

The velocity of blood flow is _______.

Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest.

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following ?

Changes in arterial pressure

Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange ?

Diffusion

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure ?

Atrial naituretic peptide (ANP)