Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards
What is the main function of the rods in the eye?
Vision in dim light
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
Iris
Receptors for hearing are located in the
Cochlea
The receptors for static equilibrium are found within the _____.
Vestibule
The smallest muscle in the body that reduces large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises is the
Stapedius
Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea____.
Has no blood supply
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?
Ganglion cells
Tastebuds are not found
In filiform papillae
Which of the following is not an auditory ossicle?
Modiolus
The optic disc (blind spot) of the eye is where
The optic nerve leaves the eye
The receptors for olfaction and gestation are classified as ____.
Chemoreceptors
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
Which cranial nerve is responsible for accommodation?
Cranial nerve III
What is the first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina?
Absorption of light by photopigments
The lens is made of layers of proteins called
Crystallins
Which of the following correctly describes the visual pathway?
Photoreceptor, bipolar neuron, ganglion neuron, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiations, occipital lobe of cortex
Which pigment is found within the choroid acts to reduce the bouncing of light and thus reduce glare in addition to enhancing contrast and sharpening vision?
Melanin
This outer layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball and forms the white of the eye.
Sclera
The inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for the “dark current” is
Glutamate
Cranial nerve VIII functions to
Send sensory information for hearing to the medulla
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _____.
Hormones
Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______.
Second messengers
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
Enzyme
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells with specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as _______.
Up-regulation
Aldosterone functions
To increase sodium reabsorption
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
Polycythemia
ADH_____
Decreases urine production
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland the mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the
Hypophyseal portal system
The hormone that acts to raise calcium levels in the blood is
Parathyroid hormone
Mineralcorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _________
Cortisol
The action of thyroid hormone enhancing the effects of epinephrine is an example of a(n) _______ effect.
Permissive
All of the following are effects of the glucocorticoids EXCEPT
Decrease in blood sugar
In the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis produces small amounts of a weak androgen called
DHEA
Clusters of endocrine tissue within the pancreas are called
Islets of Langerhans
All of the following are effects of glucagon EXCEPT
Drop in blood sugar
The hormone responsible for uterine contractions during labor and the ejection of milk from the breasts is
Oxytocin
The secretion of which hormone would increase in a patient with Goiter?
TSH
Hypersecretion of growth hormone beginning in adulthood leads to
Acromegaly
The chemical class of hormones derived from cholesterol are
Steroids
Hormones that act on neighboring cells are classified as
Paracrines
Which of the following is NOT a characterstic of WBCS?
Anucleate
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements in the blood?
Pluripotent stem cell
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?
O
When neither anti-A nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type
O
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is
Albumin
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production ?
Kidney
Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma
Which of the following is NOT a stage of hemostasis ?
Fibrinolysis
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
Monocytes
Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
Platelet
Toward the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a
Reticulocyte
The major function of RBC is
Gas transport
A megakaryoblast will develop into
A platelet
Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting ?
Fibrinogen
The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by
RBCS
Which of the following blood cells are effective against parasitic worms?
Eosinophil
During coagulation, which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?
Factor XIII
When a red blood cell is destroyed, the iron released from the heme group is carried to the liver, spleen, or muscle by
Transferrin
The most abundant leukocyte that functions as an active phagocyte is a
Neutrophil
The stoppage of blood loss is termed
Hemostasis
The anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm
Mediastinum
The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the
Pericardium
The layer of the heart wall that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the
Myocardium
This pouch-like structure increases the total filling capacity of the atrium
Auricle
These muscular ridges are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles
Pectinate muscles
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events ?
Closure of the heart valves
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to
Pump blood with greater pressure
Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium ?
Coronary artery
Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates
Atrial depolarization
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the
Left atrium
The term for chest pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart is
angina pectoralis
Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate ?
Skin color
In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale
Connects the two atria in the fetal heart
Which vessel(s) of the heart recieve(s) blood during right ventricular systole ?
Pulmonary trunk
Select the correct statement about the heart valves
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendinae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during 1 ventricular contraction
Stroke volume
Isovolumetric contraction _________.
Refers to the short period of time during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
This part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate
Medulla oblongata
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure ?
Emotional state
Which of the following chemicals does NOT help regulate blood pressure ?
Nitric acid
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _________.
Capillaries
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.
Muscular arteries
Aldosterone will _______.
Promote an increase in blood pressure
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
Which of the following is true about veins?
Veins are called blood reservoirs because they contain most of the blood
Peripheral resistance ________.
Increases as blood viscosity increases
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and blood circulation due to the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle?
Tunica media
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is _______.
Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea.
Histologically, the______ is squamous epithelium also known as endothelium.
Tunica intima
The branches of arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called_____.
Arterioles
Factors that aid in venous return include all except
Urinary output
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
The velocity of blood flow is _______.
Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest.
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following ?
Changes in arterial pressure
Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange ?
Diffusion
The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure ?
Atrial naituretic peptide (ANP)
