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anatomy and physiology II > Lecture 1 Exam > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the rods in the eye?

A

Vision in dim light

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2
Q

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?

A

Iris

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3
Q

Receptors for hearing are located in the

A

Cochlea

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4
Q

The receptors for static equilibrium are found within the _____.

A

Vestibule

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5
Q

The smallest muscle in the body that reduces large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises is the

A

Stapedius

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6
Q

Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea____.

A

Has no blood supply

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7
Q

There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves?

A

Ganglion cells

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8
Q

Tastebuds are not found

A

In filiform papillae

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9
Q

Which of the following is not an auditory ossicle?

A

Modiolus

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10
Q

The optic disc (blind spot) of the eye is where

A

The optic nerve leaves the eye

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11
Q

The receptors for olfaction and gestation are classified as ____.

A

Chemoreceptors

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12
Q

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for accommodation?

A

Cranial nerve III

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14
Q

What is the first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina?

A

Absorption of light by photopigments

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15
Q

The lens is made of layers of proteins called

A

Crystallins

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16
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the visual pathway?

A

Photoreceptor, bipolar neuron, ganglion neuron, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiations, occipital lobe of cortex

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17
Q

Which pigment is found within the choroid acts to reduce the bouncing of light and thus reduce glare in addition to enhancing contrast and sharpening vision?

A

Melanin

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18
Q

This outer layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball and forms the white of the eye.

A

Sclera

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19
Q

The inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for the “dark current” is

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Cranial nerve VIII functions to

A

Send sensory information for hearing to the medulla

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21
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _____.

A

Hormones

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22
Q

Virtually all the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______.

A

Second messengers

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A

Enzyme

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24
Q

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells with specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as _______.

A

Up-regulation

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25
Q

Aldosterone functions

A

To increase sodium reabsorption

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26
Q

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polycythemia

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27
Q

ADH_____

A

Decreases urine production

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28
Q

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland the mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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29
Q

The hormone that acts to raise calcium levels in the blood is

A

Parathyroid hormone

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30
Q

Mineralcorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _________

A

Cortisol

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31
Q

The action of thyroid hormone enhancing the effects of epinephrine is an example of a(n) _______ effect.

A

Permissive

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32
Q

All of the following are effects of the glucocorticoids EXCEPT

A

Decrease in blood sugar

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33
Q

In the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis produces small amounts of a weak androgen called

A

DHEA

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34
Q

Clusters of endocrine tissue within the pancreas are called

A

Islets of Langerhans

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35
Q

All of the following are effects of glucagon EXCEPT

A

Drop in blood sugar

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36
Q

The hormone responsible for uterine contractions during labor and the ejection of milk from the breasts is

A

Oxytocin

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37
Q

The secretion of which hormone would increase in a patient with Goiter?

A

TSH

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38
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone beginning in adulthood leads to

A

Acromegaly

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39
Q

The chemical class of hormones derived from cholesterol are

A

Steroids

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40
Q

Hormones that act on neighboring cells are classified as

A

Paracrines

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41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characterstic of WBCS?

A

Anucleate

42
Q

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements in the blood?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

43
Q

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

A

O

44
Q

When neither anti-A nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type

A

O

45
Q

The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is

A

Albumin

46
Q

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production ?

A

Kidney

47
Q

Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

A

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stage of hemostasis ?

A

Fibrinolysis

49
Q

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

A

Monocytes

50
Q

Which of the following blood cells is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

A

Platelet

51
Q

Toward the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

A

Reticulocyte

52
Q

The major function of RBC is

A

Gas transport

53
Q

A megakaryoblast will develop into

A

A platelet

54
Q

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting ?

A

Fibrinogen

55
Q

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

A

RBCS

56
Q

Which of the following blood cells are effective against parasitic worms?

A

Eosinophil

57
Q

During coagulation, which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?

A

Factor XIII

58
Q

When a red blood cell is destroyed, the iron released from the heme group is carried to the liver, spleen, or muscle by

A

Transferrin

59
Q

The most abundant leukocyte that functions as an active phagocyte is a

A

Neutrophil

60
Q

The stoppage of blood loss is termed

A

Hemostasis

61
Q

The anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm

A

Mediastinum

62
Q

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

A

Pericardium

63
Q

The layer of the heart wall that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the

A

Myocardium

64
Q

This pouch-like structure increases the total filling capacity of the atrium

A

Auricle

65
Q

These muscular ridges are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles

A

Pectinate muscles

66
Q

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events ?

A

Closure of the heart valves

67
Q

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to

A

Pump blood with greater pressure

68
Q

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

69
Q

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium ?

A

Coronary artery

70
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers

71
Q

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

A

Atrial depolarization

72
Q

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the

A

Left atrium

73
Q

The term for chest pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart is

A

angina pectoralis

74
Q

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate ?

A

Skin color

75
Q

In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale

A

Connects the two atria in the fetal heart

76
Q

Which vessel(s) of the heart recieve(s) blood during right ventricular systole ?

A

Pulmonary trunk

77
Q

Select the correct statement about the heart valves

A

The AV valves are supported by chordae tendinae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur

78
Q

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during 1 ventricular contraction

A

Stroke volume

79
Q

Isovolumetric contraction _________.

A

Refers to the short period of time during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

80
Q

This part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate

A

Medulla oblongata

81
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure ?

A

Emotional state

82
Q

Which of the following chemicals does NOT help regulate blood pressure ?

A

Nitric acid

83
Q

Which statement best describes arteries?

A

All carry blood away from the heart

84
Q

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _________.

A

Capillaries

85
Q

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.

A

Muscular arteries

86
Q

Aldosterone will _______.

A

Promote an increase in blood pressure

87
Q

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

A

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter

88
Q

Which of the following is true about veins?

A

Veins are called blood reservoirs because they contain most of the blood

89
Q

Peripheral resistance ________.

A

Increases as blood viscosity increases

90
Q

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and blood circulation due to the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

Tunica media

91
Q

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is _______.

A

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea.

92
Q

Histologically, the______ is squamous epithelium also known as endothelium.

A

Tunica intima

93
Q

The branches of arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called_____.

A

Arterioles

94
Q

Factors that aid in venous return include all except

A

Urinary output

95
Q

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

A

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

96
Q

The velocity of blood flow is _______.

A

Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest.

97
Q

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following ?

A

Changes in arterial pressure

98
Q

Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange ?

A

Diffusion

99
Q

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

100
Q

Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure ?

A

Atrial naituretic peptide (ANP)

anatomy and physiology II (12 decks)

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