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PSYC 342 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The three different communication systems are

A

The nervous, endocrine and immune systems

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2
Q

Toward the nose

A

Rostral

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3
Q

Toward the tail

A

Caudal

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4
Q

Superior

A

Dorsal (sharks fin)

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5
Q

Central/not

A

Medial/lateral

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6
Q

Humans rostral/dorsal

A

Rotated 90 degrees

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7
Q

Close/far

A 
Proximal = closer to the body's center
Distal = further
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8
Q

Same/different side

A

Iplilateral/contralateral

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9
Q

3 planes

A

Coronal sections divide brain front to back (like a crown)

Sagittal sections are parallel to the midline

Horizontal sections divide from top to bottom

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10
Q

Meninges

A

Dura matter

Arachnoid

Pia

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11
Q

What is there none of on the PNS

A

Arachnoid matter

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12
Q

Ventricles

A

2 lateral

3rd and 4th

passes from the choroid plexus, circles the brain and the central canal of the spinal chord and is reabsorbed.

Cushions the brain

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13
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

Interneurons

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14
Q

Spine

A

Has reflex arcs and is like the information superhighway

Has protective reflex arcs but also has reflexes which maintain posture

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15
Q

Medulla

A

Has things important for life

HR, breathing

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16
Q

Pons

A

Sleep

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor control

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18
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arounsal

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19
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
RF

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20
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum
○ Superior colliculi: visual processing, eye movements
■ Main key visual area for non-mammals
■ Just the start of the visual system in mammals

○ Inferior colliculi: auditory processing

● Tegmentum

○ Periaqueductal gray: lies around cerebral aqueduct
■ Experience of pain

○ Substantia nigra: black substance

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21
Q

The forebrain: Diencephalon

A

Contains the thalamus which is like a relay station and the hypothalamus which is responsible for many homeostatic processes

22
Q

The forebrain: Telencephalon

A

Contains structures associated with higher functions:

The basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

23
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Receives input from the substantia nigra

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

These work on voluntary movements and procedural movements. Eventually these allow habits

This makes things efficient but also as some are repeated for reward, can cause addiction

24
Q

The limbic system

A

Emotion, learning and memory

Nucleus accumbens/septal area is involved in reward. It has connections to the Globus palladis so you can automate reward seeking behavior

The hypothalamus and amygdala are responsible for rewarding/scary input

The hippocampus is involved in memory

The cingulate gyrus does error monitoring
If you tried for a reward and failed, this would be important to remember so you try better next time

25
Q

The cerebral cortex

A

As normal

Frontal lobe has input from all other, makes choice and then uses motor cortex to act accordingly

26
Q

Connections between hemisphere

A

Corpus callosum - wrist thick

Anterior commissure

27
Q

How many neurons

A

100 billion in a human

350 in a leech

28
Q

Neuron structure

A

Cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, terminal bouton

29
Q

Neurons are specialized for

A

Communication

Information processing

Glia are support cells

30
Q

The neuron doctorine

A

Nervous system is composed of separate cells

31
Q

Glia:neuron

A

Kandel said 10:1

Actually 1:1 across whole brain

10: 1 in hind and midbrain - most similar to the snails he studied
1: 4.5 in cerebellum
4: 1 in cerebral cortex

32
Q

Neural cytoskeleton

Microtubules do…
Microfilaments do…

A

Neurofilaments provide support

Microtubules provide transport

Microfilaments may change the structure of the neuron in response to learning

33
Q

3 configurations of neurons

where are their soma relative to their axon/dendrites?

A

Unipolar have one process leaving body which splits into two

Bipolar have 2 leaving (classic nerve)

Multipolar have many, usually many dendrites and an axon

34
Q

Astrocytes

A

Structurally support neurons

Make the blood brain barrier

Isolate synapses so that only desired NT can interact with them

Collect molecules form the synapse

Have a role in neurogenesis

35
Q

Extracellular/Intracellular fluid

A

ECF is like salt water

ICF has more K than CL or Na

36
Q

Resting membrane potential maintained by

A

Negative peptides, Na/K pump

37
Q

Forces on ions across neural membrane

A

Negative protein molecule - cant leave even though diffusion and electrostatic force wants it to

K+ Diffusion out, electro in

Cl- Electro out, diffusion in

Na+ Electro out, diffusion in

38
Q

Action Potential

A 
-70 mV
Gets to threshold (typically -55mV)
Na+ voltage gated channels open
Na+ enters cell
K+ channels open
At +40mV Na+ channels close
K+ leaves due to electrostatic force
Returns to below resting in a refractory period
K+ Channels close
Na+/K+ pumps restore resting potential
39
Q

Paracrine communication

A

Glands making chemicals that affect adjacent cells

40
Q

Forebrain

A

Telencephalon - hemispheres + limbic system

Diencephalon - thalamus + hypothalamus

41
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum - (roof)

Tegmentum - covering - sub nig/ red nucleus (has motor fx)

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, medulla, pons

43
Q

What makes a NT ex or inhib

A

The fx of its postsynaptic receptors

44
Q

Ach

A

In muscles its excitatory
It does learning in the CNS
It is inhibitory in the autonomic system

45
Q

Monoamines

A

Have their cell bodies in the brainstem and are distributed widely

Dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline

46
Q

Dopamine

A

Reward
Planning
Learning and memory
Movement (parkinson’s)

47
Q

Adrenaline

A

Increased alertness

Noradrenaline is made from adrenaline

48
Q

Ideloamines

A

Serotonin and melatonin
Mostly inhibitory
Mood/eating/pain/sleep/arousal

49
Q

Amino acids

A

Glutamate is typically excitatory
AMPA is fast conduction
NMDA does long term potentiation
Both are ionotropic

GABA is typically inhibitory

50
Q

Peptides

A

Can include natural opiates among others

PSYC 342 (27 decks)

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