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PSYC 342 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The three different communication systems are

A

The nervous, endocrine and immune systems

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2
Q

Toward the nose

A

Rostral

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3
Q

Toward the tail

A

Caudal

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4
Q

Superior

A

Dorsal (sharks fin)

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5
Q

Central/not

A

Medial/lateral

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6
Q

Humans rostral/dorsal

A

Rotated 90 degrees

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7
Q

Close/far

A 
Proximal = closer to the body's center
Distal = further
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8
Q

Same/different side

A

Iplilateral/contralateral

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9
Q

3 planes

A

Coronal sections divide brain front to back (like a crown)

Sagittal sections are parallel to the midline

Horizontal sections divide from top to bottom

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10
Q

Meninges

A

Dura matter

Arachnoid

Pia

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11
Q

What is there none of on the PNS

A

Arachnoid matter

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12
Q

Ventricles

A

2 lateral

3rd and 4th

passes from the choroid plexus, circles the brain and the central canal of the spinal chord and is reabsorbed.

Cushions the brain

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13
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

Interneurons

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14
Q

Spine

A

Has reflex arcs and is like the information superhighway

Has protective reflex arcs but also has reflexes which maintain posture

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15
Q

Medulla

A

Has things important for life

HR, breathing

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16
Q

Pons

A

Sleep

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor control

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18
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arounsal

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19
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
RF

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20
Q

Midbrain

A

Tectum
○ Superior colliculi: visual processing, eye movements
■ Main key visual area for non-mammals
■ Just the start of the visual system in mammals

○ Inferior colliculi: auditory processing

● Tegmentum

○ Periaqueductal gray: lies around cerebral aqueduct
■ Experience of pain

○ Substantia nigra: black substance

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21
Q

The forebrain: Diencephalon

A

Contains the thalamus which is like a relay station and the hypothalamus which is responsible for many homeostatic processes

22
Q

The forebrain: Telencephalon

A

Contains structures associated with higher functions:

The basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

23
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Receives input from the substantia nigra

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

These work on voluntary movements and procedural movements. Eventually these allow habits

This makes things efficient but also as some are repeated for reward, can cause addiction

24
Q

The limbic system

A

Emotion, learning and memory

Nucleus accumbens/septal area is involved in reward. It has connections to the Globus palladis so you can automate reward seeking behavior

The hypothalamus and amygdala are responsible for rewarding/scary input

The hippocampus is involved in memory

The cingulate gyrus does error monitoring
If you tried for a reward and failed, this would be important to remember so you try better next time

25
The cerebral cortex
As normal Frontal lobe has input from all other, makes choice and then uses motor cortex to act accordingly
26
Connections between hemisphere
Corpus callosum - wrist thick Anterior commissure
27
How many neurons
100 billion in a human 350 in a leech
28
Neuron structure
Cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, terminal bouton
29
Neurons are specialized for
Communication Information processing Glia are support cells
30
The neuron doctorine
Nervous system is composed of separate cells
31
Glia:neuron
Kandel said 10:1 Actually 1:1 across whole brain 10: 1 in hind and midbrain - most similar to the snails he studied 1: 4.5 in cerebellum 4: 1 in cerebral cortex
32
Neural cytoskeleton Microtubules do... Microfilaments do...
Neurofilaments provide support Microtubules provide transport Microfilaments may change the structure of the neuron in response to learning
33
3 configurations of neurons | where are their soma relative to their axon/dendrites?
Unipolar have one process leaving body which splits into two Bipolar have 2 leaving (classic nerve) Multipolar have many, usually many dendrites and an axon
34
Astrocytes
Structurally support neurons Make the blood brain barrier Isolate synapses so that only desired NT can interact with them Collect molecules form the synapse Have a role in neurogenesis
35
Extracellular/Intracellular fluid
ECF is like salt water | ICF has more K than CL or Na
36
Resting membrane potential maintained by
Negative peptides, Na/K pump
37
Forces on ions across neural membrane
Negative protein molecule - cant leave even though diffusion and electrostatic force wants it to K+ Diffusion out, electro in Cl- Electro out, diffusion in Na+ Electro out, diffusion in
38
Action Potential
``` -70 mV Gets to threshold (typically -55mV) Na+ voltage gated channels open Na+ enters cell K+ channels open At +40mV Na+ channels close K+ leaves due to electrostatic force Returns to below resting in a refractory period K+ Channels close Na+/K+ pumps restore resting potential ```
39
Paracrine communication
Glands making chemicals that affect adjacent cells
40
Forebrain
Telencephalon - hemispheres + limbic system Diencephalon - thalamus + hypothalamus
41
Midbrain
Tectum - (roof) Tegmentum - covering - sub nig/ red nucleus (has motor fx)
42
Hindbrain
Cerebellum, medulla, pons
43
What makes a NT ex or inhib
The fx of its postsynaptic receptors
44
Ach
In muscles its excitatory It does learning in the CNS It is inhibitory in the autonomic system
45
Monoamines
Have their cell bodies in the brainstem and are distributed widely Dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline
46
Dopamine
Reward Planning Learning and memory Movement (parkinson's)
47
Adrenaline
Increased alertness | Noradrenaline is made from adrenaline
48
Ideloamines
Serotonin and melatonin Mostly inhibitory Mood/eating/pain/sleep/arousal
49
Amino acids
Glutamate is typically excitatory AMPA is fast conduction NMDA does long term potentiation Both are ionotropic GABA is typically inhibitory
50
Peptides
Can include natural opiates among others

PSYC 342 (27 decks)

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