Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the position of palms in standard anatomical position?

Answer 1

supine - facing forward

Question 2

What is anterior?

Answer 2

Front of body

Question 3

What is posterior?

Answer 3

Back of body

Question 4

Differentiate between superior and inferior

Answer 4

Superior - toward top of body

Inferior - towards bottom of body

Question 5

What is Medial? Lateral?

Answer 5

Medial - towards midline

Lateral- away from midline

Question 6

What is proximal? Distal?

Answer 6

Proximal - towards center of body

Distal - towards periphery

Question 7

Which bones are included in the pectoral girdle?

Answer 7

Clavicle, Scapula, sternum, ribs, humerus

Question 8

Humerus

Answer 8

Arm

Question 9

Ulna vs. Radius

Answer 9

Ulna - medial bone of forearm in anatomical position

Radius - lateral bone of forearm in anatomical position

Question 10

What is elevation/depression of pectoral girdle?

Answer 10

Elevation - shrug

Depression - lower shoulders

Question 11

What is retraction/protraction of pelvic girdle?

Answer 11

Retraction - bring scapula together

Protraction - pull scapula apart

Question 12

What is upward rotation/downward rotation of pelvic girdle?

Answer 12

upward rotation - allows arms to be lifted above head

downward rotation - allows arms to hand by side

Question 13

What is flexion? Extension? Abduction? Adduction? Lateral rotation? Medial rotation?

Answer 13

flexion - arm in front
extension - arm behind
abduction - arm away from body
adduction - arm back towards body
lateral rotation - rotate arm away from midline
medial rotation - rotate arm back towards body

Question 14

Distinguish between pronation/supination of forearm

Answer 14

pronation - palm down

supination - palm up

Question 15

What is radial deviation of wrist? Ulnar deviation?

Answer 15

Radial deviation - wrist angled laterally in anatomical position (towards radius)
Ulnar deviation - wrist angled medially in anatomical position (towards ulna)

Question 16

What is opposition of thumb?

Answer 16

thumb moved towards 5th finger

Question 17

How many vertebrae are there? Cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar? Sacral? Coccygeal?

Answer 17

33 total

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 3-5

Question 18

What is the role of the clavicle? What are the 3 Allman classifications of fractures?

Answer 18

Keeps upper limb lateral
Group 1 - Middle fracture (80%)
Group 2 - distal fracture (15%)
Group 3 - proximal fracture (5%)

Question 19

What is the sternoclavicular (SC) joint?

Answer 19

• Between Manubrium and clavicle
• Saddle joint
• Moves in all 3 planes

Question 20

What is the acromioclavicular (AC) joint?

Answer 20

• Between clavicle and acromion process
• Plane joint
• allows scapula to rotate when during abduction/adduction >90 degrees

Question 21

What are the scapula-clavicular ligaments? What is their role?

Answer 21

• Coracoclavicular ligaments (2), coracoacromial ligament, acromioclavicular ligament
• stabilize AC joint

Question 22

What is a separated shoulder?

Answer 22

Type 1 - partial AC ligament tear
Type 2 - complete AC ligament tear
Type 3 - complete AC and CC ligament tear

Question 23

What is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 23

• humeral head and glenoid fossa of scapula
• ball and socket joint
• glenoid labrum is fibrocartilage that functionally deepens the glenoid fossa

Question 24

What is a superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tear?

Answer 24

• tension from twisted biceps tendon tears labrum from glenoid fossa
• occurs with repetitive rotation during overhead throwing (baseball/softball)

Question 25

What is a shoulder dislocation?

Answer 25

- displacement of humeral head from glenoid fossa - typically occurs anteriorly (95%) - usually from hyper-extension of abducted arm - can cause nerve damage - square shoulder presentation with minimal deltoid contour

Question 26

What is glenohumeral bursae? What is bursitis?

Answer 26

- Bursae: synovial fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between muscles/tendons and bones around joints - Bursitis: inflammation of bursae, typically due to direct pressure

Question 27

What is the humeroulnar joint?

Answer 27

- between humerus and ulna - hinge joint - flexion and extension

Question 28

What is the humeroradial joint?

Answer 28

- between humerus and radius - functional hinge joint - flexion, extension, pronation, supination

Question 29

What is the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 29

- between radius and ulna - pivot joint - pronation and supination

Question 30

What is fibrous membrane ligament of elbow? Radial collateral ligament? Ulnar collateral ligament? Annular ligament?

Answer 30

Fibrous - contains synovial capsule Radial collateral - prevent adduction Ulnar collateral - prevent abduction Annular ligament - maintains articulation of radius and ulna

Question 31

What is radial head subluxation (nursemaid's elbow)?

Answer 31

- radial head slips out of annular ligament - rapid pull or jerk on forearm - typically in children 1-6 - forearm typically held in flexed/prone position

Question 32

What are the 3 bursae supporting the triceps brachia muscle and tendon at the elbow?

Answer 32

- subtendinous bursa - intratendinous bursa - olecranon bursa

Question 33

What is Colle's Fracture?

Answer 33

- fracture during wrist extension - dorsal displacement of distance radius - dinner fork deformity

Question 34

What is Smith's Fracture?

Answer 34

- fracture during wrist flexion - Palmar displacement of distal radius - garden spade deformity

Question 35

What are the bones of the hand?

Answer 35

carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, distal phalanges

Question 36

What are the joints in the hand?

Answer 36

carpometacarpal joint (CMC), metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP), interphalangeal joint (IP, Pollex only), Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

Question 37

List the carpals

Answer 37

Distal Row - Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate | Proximal Row - Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

Question 38

What is the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 38

-between radius and 3 proximal carpals (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum)

Question 39

What is the ulnocarpal joint?

Answer 39

-between ulna and 3 proximal carpals (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum)

Question 40

What is the distal radioulnar joint?

Answer 40

-wrist joint between radius and ulna

Question 41

What is the carpal tunnel?

Answer 41

Allows nerves and tendons to the hand

Question 42

What kind of joint is the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint?

Answer 42

Saddle joint, CMC of digit 1 (thumb) most moveable | -able to flex/extend and adduction/abduction

Question 43

What is a boxer's fracture?

Answer 43

Fracture of fifth metacarpal after punching something hard

Question 44

T/F: Pollex has a middle phalanx

Answer 44

F

Question 45

What kind of joint is a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

Answer 45

- between metacarpal and Proximal phalanx - condyloid (multi-axial) joint - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation (minimal)

Question 46

What kind of joint are interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP)?

Answer 46

- hinge joints (1 axis) | - flexion/extension

Question 47

What is the role of the sesamoid bones?

Answer 47

- increase Biomechanical efficiency of Pollux (thumb) musculature - ulnar sesamoid - adductor pollicis - radial sesamoid - adductor pollicis bravis and flexor polices brevis