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Physiology Block 8 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system

A

Maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What organs make up the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Parathyroid
Adrenal glands
Gonads
Placenta
Pancreas
(Kidney, heart, gut, adipose tissue)
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3
Q

What is autcrine

A

When hormone directly affects the secreting cell

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4
Q

What is paracrine

A

When a hormone affects nearby cells

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5
Q

What is endocrine

A

When a hormone affects distant cells by secretion into the bloodstream

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6
Q

How are hormones classified

A

Peptides
Proteins
Steroids
Amines

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7
Q

What is the largest class of hormones

A

Peptides and protein hormones

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8
Q

What makes peptide and protein hormones and where are they stored until needed

A

Endocrine cells

Stored in vesicles

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9
Q

What must peptide hormones bind to

A

Cell surface receptor on target cell

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10
Q

Slide 7, 8, 10, 12

A

Hormones chart

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Do steroid hormones have extracellular receptors

A

No

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13
Q

How do steroid hormones work

A

They diffuse across the cell membrane and bind intracellular receptors in the nucleus or cytosol

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14
Q

What do steroid receptors cause

A

Changes in transcription and translation

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15
Q

What is the smallest class of proteins

A

Amine hormones

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16
Q

How are amine hormones made

A

They are produced by metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine

17
Q

What must amine hormones bind to

A

Cell surface receptor on target cell

Target cell can either up-regulate or down-regulate receptor expressions

18
Q

What is thyroid hormone

A

An amine hormone that signals like a steroid

Binds an intracellular receptor

19
Q

What is affinity

A

How well a receptor binds a hormone

20
Q

What does higher affinity result in

A

Get a response at a lower hormone concentration

21
Q

What does a low affinity cause

A

Get a response only at high hormone concentrations

22
Q

If there are less receptors will you have more or less response

A

Less

23
Q

What are most hormones released in response to

A

Another hormone

24
Q

Are hormones usually under positive or negative feedback control

A

Negative

25
Q

Where are positive feedback loops found

A

In female reproductive system

-leads to ovulation

26
Q

When a hormone binds a receptor it can have what 2 effects

A
  1. Generate a 2ndary messenger

2. Steroid hormone mechanism

27
Q

What are some common 2nd messengers

A

CAMP/cGMP
IP3
Ca2+
RTK

28
Q

How do 2nd messengers work

A

They activate downstream kinases and phosphatases and alter cellular functions

29
Q

What 2 organs work together to control glandular secretion

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

30
Q

What organ connects the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

What is the anterior and posterior pituitary gland composed of

A

Posterior: neural
Anterior: glandular

32
Q

The posterior pituitary is the axons and nerve endings of neurons in the hypothalamus

A

Know this

33
Q

THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY DOES NOT DIRECTLY MAKE ANY HORMONES

It releases hormones made in cell bodies

A

Know this

34
Q

Does the anterior pituitary make an hormones

A

Yes,

It directly produces and releases hormones

35
Q

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which controls _____

A

The actual gland

36
Q

What is a primary dysfunction

A

The secreting gland is to blame, the rest are normal

37
Q

What is a secondary dysfunction

A

Pituitary is to blame, the rest are normal

38
Q

What is a tertiary dysfunction

A

Hypothalamus is to blame, the rest are normal

Physiology Block 8 (8 decks)

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