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Physiology Block 8 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of GI system

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Excretion of wast and metabolic by-products

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2
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

In the mouth

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3
Q

What is the mouths job in digestion

A

Secretion of saliva and mechanical break down of food

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4
Q

What is the stomachs job in digestion

A

Storage and digestion

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5
Q

What is the small intestines job in digestion

A

Digestions and absorption

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6
Q

What is the large intestines job in digestion

A

Storage, reabsorption, and elimination

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7
Q

Venous blood flow of the GI tract enters this before returning to the heart

A

Portal circulation

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8
Q

GI blood flow is reduced during ________ stimulation

A

SNS

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9
Q

GI blood flow is increased during _________ stimulation or after a meal

A

PNS

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the heavy lymphatic drainage in the GI tract

A

Absorption of large lipids

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11
Q

Most of the actions of gut occur here

A

Tubular sections (Small intestine)

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12
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layers (2)
Serosa

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13
Q

T/F all of the layers of the GI tract are present throughout

A

False

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14
Q

What is the innermost layer of the GI tract

A

Mucosa

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15
Q

What is the mucosal layer composed of

A

Epithelium
Lamina proprietary
Muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

What layer of the mucosa is closest to the digested food

A

Epithelium

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17
Q

What is the function of absorptive cells in mucosal epithelium

A

Digest and absorb ingested molecules

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18
Q

What sis the function of secretory cells in the mucosal epithelium

A

Secrete regulatory substances

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19
Q

What kind of tissue is the mucosal epithelium

A

Columnar cells linked by tight junctions

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20
Q

How is the epithelial layer arranged in the mucosa

A

Villi and crypts

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21
Q

What is the lamina propria

A

Connective tissue

Glands, nerve endings, capillaries, and lymph vessels

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22
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle

Increase epithelial surface area by folding the mucosal layer

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23
Q

What is the submucosal layer

And what does it contain

A

Connective tissue
More glands, blood supply, lymphatics
Larger nerves form the submucosal plexus

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24
Q

What are the 2 layers of the muscular layer

A

Muscularis externa

Circular muscle

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25
Q

The muscular layer has the myenteric plexus, what is its job?

A

Integration and coordination center for nervous system

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26
Q

What is serosa

A

Holds the GI tract in place with connections to the abdominal wall

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27
Q

What is another name for the serosa layer

A

Mesentery

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28
Q

What layer of the GI tract has a high rate of transport

A

Epithelium

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29
Q

What layer of the GI tract has a lot of ANS control

A

Muscularis externa

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30
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of GI control

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Neural

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31
Q

Look at chart on slide 13

A

GI hormones

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32
Q

What are the 2 neural control centers for the GI system

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

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33
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic PNS division

A

Increase GI functions

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34
Q

What is the function of the. Extrinsic SNS division

A

Reduce GI function

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35
Q

Both branches of the extrinsic system carry afferents back to this system

A

CNS

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36
Q

What information is sent to teh CNS from the extrinsic system

A

Info about meal content, wall stretch

Vagal reflex arcs

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37
Q

The intrinsic system receives input from ______

A

Sensory cells in gut

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38
Q

What does the intrinsic system do

A

Integrate and send info to muscle and enteroendocrine cells

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39
Q

T/F the intrinsic system can direct all GI functions

A

True

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40
Q

T/F reflex arc can stay in the gut

A

True

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41
Q

The arc from the gut to prevertebral ganglia then gut carries what reflex

A

Gastrolic reflex

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42
Q

Arc from the gut to brain and back carries what info

A

Pain, control of motor functions, defecation reflex

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43
Q

Severing the vagus nerve would do what to the gut

A

Reduce gut sensations

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44
Q

What lines the GI system

A

Smooth muscle

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45
Q

Does the muscularis externus have a stable RMP?

A

No. It is unstable.
Makes slow waves that are made by pacemaker cells in gut wall
RMP is altered by ANS innervation

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46
Q

What are spike potentials

A

When slow waves generate action potentials

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47
Q

The higher the slow wave there are more/les spikes

A

More

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48
Q

What it’s eh threshed of spike potentials

A

-40mV

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49
Q

What channels are used for spike potentials

A

Slow calcium channels

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50
Q

What are teh ways things are move through the GI tract

A

Peristalsis

Segmentation

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51
Q

What is segmentation

A

Mixing only, no forward movement

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52
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Propulsive movements due to hut distention

  • contraction occurs behind distention
  • receptive relaxtion ahead of distenstion
  • requires myenteric plexus
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53
Q

GI blood supply is part of this circulation

A

Splanchnic

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54
Q

I receives blood from this artery

A

Intestinal artery

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55
Q

Venus blood passes through this before going to vena cava

A

Liver

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56
Q

T/F lymph flow from splanchnic goes to the liver

A

False

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57
Q

How are the capillaries of gut villi formed

A

Intestinal artery keeps splitting

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58
Q

What do the lymphatic lacteals do in the villi

A

Aid in fat absorption

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59
Q

How is the blood flow in the villi locally controlled

A

Dependent on metabolic demand (O2) of tissue that increases after a meal

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60
Q

How is the capillary system of the villi controlled neurally and hormonally

A

Paracrine substances are released (CCK, VIP) by gut to increase blood flow
SNS reduces flow
PNS increases flow

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61
Q

What is the cephalopod response

A

Prepares tract for food

Initiated by smell, sight, or thoughts of food

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62
Q

What is the oral response

A

Food in mouth creases response

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63
Q

What it’s eh esophageal response

A

Propelling food from mouth to stomach

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64
Q

What is teh gastric response

A

Storage, mixing, and protein digestion

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65
Q

What is the duodenal response

A

Digestion and absorption

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66
Q

What is the intestinal response

A

Digestion and absorption
Reabsorb water
Produce vitamins
Storage and excretion

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67
Q

Response are activated or inhibited behind a meal?

A

Inhibited

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68
Q

Responses are activated/inhibited ahead of the meal

A

Activated

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69
Q

The oral and cephalon phases doe what

A

Prepare GI tract for meal

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70
Q

How do teh oral and cephalon phase differ

A

In stimuli

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71
Q

Oral and cephalon phase initiates PNS stimulation to do what

A

Increase salivary secretions
Gastric acids secretions
Exocrine pancreas secretions
Release of bile from gallbladder

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72
Q

What is the fxn of saliva

A

Lubricate and moisten food for swallowing
Helps mastication
Allow taste molecules to be dissolved
Begins digestion

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73
Q

What three glands are responsible for secreting saliva

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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74
Q

Parotid glands secrete

A

Serous saliva

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75
Q

Sublingual glands secrete

A

Mucus

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76
Q

Submandibular glands secrete

A

A mixture of mucus and serous saliva

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77
Q

What is salvia made from

A

Filtering plasma

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78
Q

Saliva begins as a isotonic fluid

It is modified to hypotonic and alkaline (reduces as flow rate rate increases)

A

Know this

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79
Q

What adds proteins and enzymes to saliva

A

A in are cells

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80
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down starchy carbs

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81
Q

Lipase

A

Helps digest lipids

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82
Q

Mucin

A

Lubrication

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83
Q

Lysozyme

A

Antibacterial

Keeps the teeth clean

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84
Q

SNS has what affect on acinar secretions

A

Increases a little

Protein rich, sticky

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85
Q

PNS has what affect on acinar secretion

A

Increase a lot

Watery

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86
Q

SNS has what affect on blood flow

A

REDUCES FLOW A LOT

LESS SALIVA MADE

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87
Q

PNS has what affect on blood flow

A

Increase flow a lotto, more saliva made

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88
Q

SNS stimulation makes what kind of saliva

A

Small amounts of proteinaceous saliva

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89
Q

PNS stimulation makes what kind of saliva

A

A lot of watery, basic saliva

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90
Q

Swallowing is initiated ________ and proceeds _______

A

Voluntarily

Involuntarily

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91
Q

T/F respiration is inhibited when swallowing

A

True

92
Q

Swallowing process

A
  1. Tongue pushes bolus of food to back of mouth
  2. Bolus into pharynx
  3. Larynx is lifted
  4. Epiglottis covers opening
  5. Upper esophageal sphincter opens
  6. Pharynx contracts
  7. Bolus enters esophagus
93
Q

Swallowing ends ______ phase and starts the _____ phase

A

Oral

Esophageal

94
Q

What is the esophagus

A

Long muscular tube with sphincters at each end

95
Q

The upper esophageal sphincter does what

A

Striate muscle

Protects trachea from swallowing food and gastric reflux

96
Q

What lower esophageal sphincter does what

A

Smooth muscle

Protects esophagus from gastric reflux

97
Q

The first 3rd of the esophagus is this muscle

A

Striated

98
Q

The bottom 2/3 of esophagus is this muscle

A

Smooth

99
Q

Esophageal phase

A
  1. UES opens due toe swallowing reflex
  2. Food moved by peristalsis
  3. VIP releases and opens LES
  4. Reflex relation of stomach to receive bolus
100
Q

What initiates gastric phase

A

Food in the stomach

101
Q

What is the mechanical fxn of stomach

A

Mixing, storage, and propulsion of food

102
Q

What is the chemical fxn of stomach

A

Secretes acid, Pepsi oven, intrinsic factor, mucus, water, HCO3

103
Q

What lines the stomach

A

Columnar epithelium

104
Q

What is teh cardia of stomach

A

Behind LES

Makes mucus

105
Q

What is the pyloric of the stomach

A

Distal
G cells
Mucus cells

106
Q

What do chief cells do

A

Secrete pepsinogen

107
Q

What do parietal cells secrete

A

Acid

108
Q

What do G cells secrete

A

Gastric

109
Q

What do mucus cells secrete

A

Mucous

110
Q

Parietal cells secrete acid (stomach is acid pH 0.8)
CA makes H and HCO3
Cl and K enter stomach

A

Know this

111
Q

What is the purpose of the alkaline mucous coat of the stomach

A

Protects the stomach from secreted acid

112
Q

How does pepsinogen work

A

Gets activated to pepsin in low pH
Begins protein digestion
ACh increases release

113
Q

What is intrinsic factor needed for

A

B12 absorption

114
Q

When is gastrin released

A

In response to proteins in food

115
Q

Endocrine control is controlled by histamine release, how

A

ECL release histamine onto parietal cells
Parietal cells increase acid production
ECL cells activated by gastrin

116
Q

Neural control of gastric secretions is through what nervous sytem

A

PNS

M3 receptors

117
Q

M3 receptors in parietal cells have what affect

A

Increase secretion

118
Q

PNS stimulates ECL cells to

A

Make more histamine

119
Q

PNS stimulates G cells to

A

Makes more gastrin

120
Q

Increasing acid levels in Antrum has what affect

A

Reduce acid production

Signals the meal is over

121
Q

What inhibits gastrin relase

A

D cells secretion of somatostatin

122
Q

The stomach breaks down food into this

A

Chyme

123
Q

What is receptive relaxation of the stomach

A

Vado vagal reflex where stretch of stomach wall causes relaxation and stretch

124
Q

What structures are involved in receptive relaxation

A

Cardia
Fundus
Upper body

125
Q

How does mixing work in the stomach

A

Mixing waves begin in the body and get thronged as they approach the antrum

Forces chyme against pyloric sphincter to mix, churn, and crush chyme

126
Q

What is involved in mixing

A

Lower body and antrum of stomach

127
Q

What affect does PNS have on AP’s

A

More slow waves generate APs

128
Q

What affect does SNS have on AP generation

A

Fewer slow waves generate APs

129
Q

_______ increases stomach emptying

A

Stretch of stomach

130
Q

This hormone increases emptying

A

Gastrin

131
Q

What is the rate of gastric emptying tied to

A

Duodenal digestive time

132
Q

What does the enterogastric reflex do

A

Reduces the action of pyloric pump and increases pyloric sphincter tone

133
Q

The enterogastric reflex is mediated by what systems

A

ENS

ANS

134
Q

What inhibits emptying

A

Duodenal hormones

CCK, secretin, GIP

135
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK) released in response to

A

Fat in chyme

136
Q

When is secretin released

A

Acid in chyme

137
Q

When is gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) released

A

In response to fat and carbs in chyme

138
Q

What is peptic ulcer Disease

A

Damage to lining of GI tract

139
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Loss of intrinsic factor
No B12 absorption
No new RBCs

140
Q

What is the most critical portion of the GI system

A

Small intestine phase

141
Q

Most digestion occurs here

A

Duodenum

142
Q

Most absorption occurs here

A

Jejunum

143
Q

What does the ileum do

A

Left overs
Bile
B12

144
Q

The intestinal phase I’d highlight by

A

Increase pancreatic secretions
Increase gallbladder contraction
Relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
Interrupting migrating motor complex

145
Q

Secretions from accessory glands contain what

A

Digestive enzymes and bicarb

146
Q

Most of the pancreas is exocrine or endocrine

A

Exocrine

147
Q

What exocrine functions does the pancreas have

A

Makes pancreatic juice

Digestive enzymes and bicarb

148
Q

Acinar cells secrete

A

Digestive enzymes
Amylase
Protease
Juice

149
Q

Digestive enzymes are secreted from the acinar cells when

A

In response to PNS and CCK

150
Q

T/F amylase and lipase is active when secreted by the pancreas

A

True

151
Q

T/F Protease and phospolipases are active when secreted by the pancreas

A

False

152
Q

Theses cells make pancreatic juice

A

Ductal cells

153
Q

What kind of fluid is pancreatic juice

A

Isotonic fluid

154
Q

How is pancreatic juice made

A

Na, K, Cl, HCO3 are secreted into the duct and modified
Increased flow increases HCO3 and reduces Cl
Driven by carbonic anhydrase
Slight acidification of venous blood
Flow increases in response to secretin

155
Q

What does juice flow rate increase to match?

A

Gastric emptying

156
Q

Enzyme secretion increases to match _______

A

Chyme composition

157
Q

Fatty and amino acids in chyme stimulate the release of what 2 paracrine factors

A

CCK

Monitor peptide

158
Q

Paracrine factors stimulate I cells to do what?

A

Increase CCK

CCK increases enzyme secretion

159
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

160
Q

What does bile help with?

A

Aids with digestion an absorption of lipids

161
Q

What is bile made of

A 
Bile salts
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Water
Ions
162
Q

T/F bile salts are recycled after a meal

A

True

163
Q

What is bile derived from

A

Cholesterol

164
Q

The liver makes ______ bile acids

A

Primary

165
Q

Gut bacteria make _____ bile acids

A

Secondary

166
Q

T/F bile is constantly made in the liver

A

True

167
Q

What transports bile salts back into blood

A

Terminal ileum

168
Q

What carries salts back to the liver

A

Portal circulation

169
Q

The small intestine also secretes _____

A

Mucus

170
Q

What secretes mucus in the small intestine

A

Brunner’s gland

171
Q

What does mucus do

A

Protects the wall from acid

172
Q

What increases small intestine mucus secretion

A

Duodenum
Secretion
Vagus tone

173
Q

What reduces small intestine mucus secretion

A

SNS tone (stress ulcer)

174
Q

What is intestinal juice?
How much is made a day?
What does it carry?

A

Watery mucus fluid
2L
Peptidases, sucrose, Maltese, isomaltase, lactase, lipase

175
Q

When chyme is present segmentation/peristalsis predominates?

A

Segmentation

176
Q

Once digestion and absorption are complete _______ occurs to clear intestine of remnants

A

Peristalsis

177
Q

When does the migrating motor complex occur

A

Between meals

Cycles every 90 minutes until inhibited by a meal

178
Q

What does the migrating motor complex do?

A

Sweeps the intestines lea to prepare for next meal

179
Q

What is the main controller of the migrating motor complex

A

Motilin

180
Q

What are the 3 phases of the migrating motor complex

A

1: quiet
2. Small, disorganized contractions
3. Large peristaltic waves move along length of intestine, moves everything into intestine

181
Q

What must happen to ingested macromolecules

A

Broken down and absorbed

182
Q

Carbs are broken down to

A

Monosaccharides

183
Q

What are proteins broken down to

A

Amino acids

184
Q

What are lipids broken down to

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

185
Q

All enzymatic digestions are what kind of reaction

A

Hydrolysis reaction

186
Q

Carb digestion occurs here and continues in this location

A

Mouth

Small intestine

187
Q

What breaks down starch to maltose

A

Amylase

188
Q

Most digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the ________

A

Small intestine lumen

189
Q

How are glucose and galactose transported?

A

SGLT1 transporter (into the cell)

GLUT2: into blood

190
Q

What brings fructuse inside

A

GLUT5

191
Q

Where does protein digestion begin

A

In the stomach

192
Q

What activates pepsinogen

A

Low pH

193
Q

Where does most digestion occur

A

In the small intestine

194
Q

What are single amino acids co-transported into the cell with?

A

Na

195
Q

What are di-tripeptides cotransported into the cell with

A

H

196
Q

Dietary lipids consist of _______ (3)

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

197
Q

Why are lipids hard to digest

A

They are water insoluble

198
Q

What does intestinal digestion begin with

A

Emulsification

199
Q

What is emulsification

A

Addition of bile salts and lecithin surrounds lipid drops
When mixed, it forms progressively smaller drops
Increases SA for digestion

200
Q

As digestion progresses, products are taken into cells (increase solubility of FA)
The micelles move to brush border and allow fats to enter cells

A

Know this

201
Q

T/F free fatty aids are able to cross cell membranes without aid

A

True

202
Q

What happens to lipids once they are inside the cell

A

Re-esterified back to original form
They form chylomicrons
They exocytosed from the cell and enter lymphatics

203
Q

All digestive processes occur within what type of environment

A

Water

204
Q

GI system secretes how much water a day?

A

7L

205
Q

Digestive system reabsorbs hw much water a day

A

100mL

206
Q

Water follows ____

A

Solutes

207
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with

A

Micelles, packed in chylomicrons and transported out

208
Q

Water soluble vitamins are cotransported with

A

Na (except B12)

209
Q

B12 binds ______ which protects it from digestion

A

Intrinsic factor

210
Q

Free iron binds ____ which transports it into blood

A

Apoferrin

211
Q

What happens in the colonic phase

A

Reabsorbs water
Absorption of bacterial produced products
Storage
Defecation

212
Q

Chyme remnants enter large intestine through this valve

A

Ileocecal valve

213
Q

What lines the large intestine

A

Columnar epithelial cells

214
Q

Muscular arrangement creates _____

A

Haustra

215
Q

Where does the colon end

A

Rectum

216
Q

What is required for defecation

A

Coordinated reflex

217
Q

What is haustration

A

Mixing movements
Produces forward movement
Allows forming feces to be fully exposed to absorptive walls

218
Q

How long does it take for feces to transverse large intestine

A

15 hours

219
Q

What is mass movement

A

Modified paralysis

Forces feces toward the rectum (twice a day)

220
Q

What is defecation

A

Removal of wastes from body
Feces filling the rectum initiates the reflex
Must consciously release external sphincter

221
Q

Duodenalcolic and gastrocolic reflex occurs when

A

In the presence of food in the duodenum or stomach

Enhance mass movement in colon

222
Q

Gastroileal reflex does

A

Food in stomach opens iliocecal valve and allows remnants to enter colon

223
Q

Epithelium secrets mucus to lubricate feces as it moves

A

Know this

224
Q

Epithelium absorbs ____ from feces

A

Water

225
Q

How much water is lost a day in feces

A

100-200 mL a day

226
Q

Water reabsorption is a active or passive process

A

Passive

Physiology Block 8 (8 decks)

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